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The Christian buildings of Ramla.
No full textThis chapter discusses the historical and architectural evidence relating to the Christian buildings of Ramla between the time of its foundation c.715 and 1917
Pilgrims' graffiti of the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries in the Franciscan hospice in Ramla.
No full textSites in the Crusader Lordships of Ramla, Lydda and Mirabel.
No full textThis section lists and identifies the villages appearing in charters and other historical sources in the Crusader lordships of Ramla, Lydda and Mirabel in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and attepmts to define the borders of the lordships themselves
Hospitaller Castles and Fortifications in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1136-1291
Get PDFThis paper presents a historical and archaeological overview of the castles and other fortifications built and occupied by the Order of the Hospital of St John in the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1136, when the order acquired the castle of Bayt Jibrīn, and the final Mamluk siege of Acre in 1291, during which it defended a section of the city walls. Topics discussed include the order’s contribution to the defence of towns and cities in which they were not the sole or even the major property owner, as well as their own construction and possession of a range of other fortifications from major castles to lesser structures, including towers and maisons fortes. In each case, equal attention is paid to the buildings themselves and to the administrative system of bailiffs and castellans through which they were managed and operated. As the military situation became ever more precarious during the 13th century, the order also took over and briefly held three major castles, whose owners were unable to defend them: Ascalon between 1241 and 1247, Mount Tabor between 1255 and 1263, and Arsūf between 1261 and 1265.
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Jerusalem 1099: from Muslim to Christian City
Get PDFOn 15 July 1099, after more than four and a half centuries of Muslim rule, Jerusalem fell to the army of the First Crusade and for the next 88 years it became once again a Christian city. At that time, the city’s population may have numbered hundreds rather than the thousands of earlier periods, but it seems to have grown afterwards. The size of the late 12th century population may therefore have been closer to that of the mid-11th century, perhaps around 20,000–30,000, that is to say roughly the same size as Acre, Tyre, Florence or London in the same period. Along with these demographic fluctuations and the reduction of the area defended by city-walls, this paper analyses the impact of Christian rule on the town structures. From the conversion of the former Aqṣā Mosque as a royal palace, and then as the Temple’s headquarters, to the renovation of the Citadel as a small triangular-shaped fortress, and mostly to the important changes made in the Holy Sepulchre, with the enlargement of the church and the addition of an adjoining monastic cloister.
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Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier. Ed. L. de Mas Latrie. Paris: Société d’histoire de France, 1871,
EKKEHARD OF AURA – Hierosolymita, 4 (Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens occidentaux, vol. 5). Paris: Imprimerie National, 1895.
FULCHER OF CHARTRES – Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana (1095– 1127), 2.6.9. Ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer. Heidelberg: Winters, 1913.
JOHN OF WÜRZBURG – Peregrinationes Tres. (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis (CCCM) 139). Ed. Robert B.C. Huygens. Turnhout: Brepols, 1994.
HIESTAND, Rudolf (ed.) – Vorarbeiten zum Oriens Pontificius, vol. 3: Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse, series 3, vol. 136). Göttingen, 1985.
IBN AL-ATHĪR – Al-Kāmil fīꞌl-taʾrikh. Ed. and Fr. trans. in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens orientaux, vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie National, 1844.
MAYER, Hans Eberhard (ed.) – Die Urkunden der Lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem, 4 vols. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH): Diplomata Regum Latinorum Hierosolymitanorum). Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2010, vol. 1.
THEODERICUS – Ed. Robert B. C. Huygens, Peregrinationes Tres (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis (CCCM) 139). Turnhout: Brepols, 1994.
USAMAH IBN MUNQIDH – The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades. Trans. Paul M. Cobb. London: Penguin, 2008.
WILLIAM OF TYRE – Chronicon, 11.27. Ed. Robert B. C. Huygens (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis (CCCM) 63). Turnhout: Brepols, 1986.
YAḤYA IBN SAʿĪD AL-ANṬĀKĪ – Histoire. Ed. and trans. I. Kratchkovsky et al., 3 vols. (Patrologia Orientalis, vols. 90, 114, 212). Paris: Firmin-Didot/Turnhout: Brepols, 1924-1997.
Studies
ABEL, Félix-Marie – “L’État de la cité de Jérusalem au XIIe siècle”. In ASHBEE, C. R. (ed.) – Jerusalem 1920–1922: Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the first two years of the Civil Administration. London: J. Murray, Pub. for the Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society 1924, pp. 32-40.
AMIRAN, Ruth; EITAN, Avi – “Excavations in the Courtyard of the Citadel, Jerusalem, 1968–1969 (Preliminary Report)”. Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1970), pp. 9-17.
BAGATTI, Bellarmino; PICCIRILLO, Michele; PRODOMO, A. – New Discoveries at the Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Gethsemane. (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio minor, 17). Trans. L. Scriberras. Jerusalem: Franciscan Print Press, 1975.
BAHAT, Dan; BROSHI, Magen – “Excavations in the Armenian Garden”. In YADIN, Yigael (ed.) –Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 1968-1974. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Newhaven CT: Yale UP, 1976, pp. 55-56.
BAHAT, Dan – “Crusader Jerusalem”. In ROZENBERG, Silvia (ed.) – Knights of the Holy Land: The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1999, pp. 71–81.
BAHAT, Dan; RUBINSTEIN, Chaim T. – The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Trans. Shlomo Ketko. Jerusalem: Carta, 1989, pp. 90-103.
BENVENISTI, Meron – The Crusaders in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1970.
BERKOVICH, Ilya; RE’EM, Amit – “The Location of the Crusader Hospital in the Muristan – A Reassessment”. In VIEWEGER, Dieter; GIBSON, Shimon (ed.) – The Archaeology and History of the Church of the Redeemer and the Muristan in Jerusalem. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016, pp. 193-220.
BIDDLE, Martin – The Tomb of Christ. Stroud: Sutton, 1999.
BIDDLE, Martin; AVNI, Gideon; SELIGMAN, John; WINTER, Tamar – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. New York: Rizzoli, 2000.
BOAS, Adrian – Crusader Archaeology. London: Routledge, 1999.
BOAS, Adrian – Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades. London: Routledge, 2001.
BOAS, Adrian J. – Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to- Day Activities in the Crusader States. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
CORBO, Virgilio – Il Santo Sepolcro di Gersalemme: Aspetti archeologici dalle origini al periodo crociato. (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Collectio Maior, vol. 29). Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 3 vols., 1981-1982.
COÜASNON, Charles – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. (The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1972). London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1974.
FOLDA, Jaroslav – The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
FOLDA, Jaroslav – “The South Transept Façade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem: An Aspect of ‘Rebuilding Zion’”. In FRANCE, John; ZAJAC, William J. (ed.) – The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 239-257.
GEVA, Hilel – “Excavations in the Citadel of Jerusalem, 1979–1980: Preliminary Report”. Israel Exploration Journal 33 (1983), pp. 55-71.
GIBSON, Shimon; LEWIS, Rafael Y.; TABOR, James – “New Finds from the 11th to 13th Centuries along the Southern Old City Wall of Mount Zion”. In New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and its Region: Collected Papers, vol. 10, Jerusalem, 2016, pp. 39*-55*.
HAMILTON, Robert W. – The Structural History of the Aqsa Mosque: A Record of Gleanings from the Repairs of 1938–1942. Jerusalem and London: Government of Palestine, 1949.
HENNESSY, J. Basil – “Preliminary Report on the Excavations at the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, 1964-1966”. Levant 2 (1970), pp. 22–27.
HIYARI, Mustafa A. – “Crusader Jerusalem, 1099–1187 AD”. In ASALI, K. J. (ed.) – Jerusalem in History. London: Scorpion Press, 1990, pp. 130-176.
HUNT, Lucy-Ann – “Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, and Crusader Wall painting of the mid-twelfth century”. In FOLDA, Jaroslav (ed.) – Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century. (BAR International Series, vol. 152). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1982, pp. 191–214.
HUNT, Lucy-Anne – “Artistic and Cultural Inter-Relations between the Christian Communities at the Holy Sepulchre in the 12th Century”. In O’MAHONY, Anthony (ed.) – The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land. London: Scorpion Cavendish, 1995, pp. 57-96.
JOHNS, Cedric Norman – “The Citadel, Jerusalem. A Summary of Work since 1934”. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 14 (1950), pp. 121-190 [reprinted in JOHNS, Cedric Norman – Pilgrims’ Castle (‘Atlit), David’s Tower (Jerusalem) and Qal‘at ar-Rabad (‘Ajlun): Three Middle Eastern Castles from the Time of the Crusades. Ed. D. Pringle. Aldershot: Ashgate-Variorum, 1997, ch. VII].
KEDAR, Benjamin Z.; PRINGLE, Denys – “1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)”. In GRABAR, Oleg; KEDAR, Benjamim Z. (ed.) – Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Sacred Esplanade. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute/Austin TX: University of Texas Press, 2009, pp. 132- 149.
LUTTRELL, Anthony – “The Earliest Templars”. In BALARD, Michel (ed.) – Autour de la Première Croisade. Vol. 14. Byzantina Sorboniensia. Paris: Sorbonne, 1996, pp. 193-202.
LUTRELL, Anthony – “The Earliest Hospitallers”. In KEDAR, Benjamin Z.; RILEY- SMITH, Jonathan; HIESTAND, Rudolph (ed.) – Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997, pp. 37-54.
NICHOLSON, Helen – The Knights Hospitaller. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2001.
PAHLITZSCH, Johannes – Graeci und Suriani im Palästina der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Beiträge und Quellen zur Geschichte des griechische-orthodoxen Patriarchats von Jerusalem. Vol. 33. Berliner Historische Studien. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2001.
PRAWER, Joshua – “The Latin Settlement of Jerusalem”. Speculum 27 (1952), pp. 490-503.
PRAWER, Joshua – Crusader Institutions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980, pp. 85-101.
PRAWER, Joshua – “The Jerusalem the Crusaders captured: a contribution to the medieval topography of the city”. In EDBURY, Peter W. (ed.) – Crusade and Settlement; Papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. Cardiff: Cardiff University Press, 1985, pp. 1-16.
PRINGLE, Denys – “Crusader Jerusalem”. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 19 (1990-1991), pp. 105-13 [reprinted in PRINGLE, Denys – Fortification and Settlement in Crusader Palestine. Aldershot: Ashgate-Variorum, 2000, ch. II].
PRINGLE, Denys – The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, 4 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993–2009.
PRINGLE, Denys – Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
PRINGLE, Denys – “The Layout of the Jerusalem Hospital in the Twelfth Century: Further Thoughts and Suggestions”. In UPTON-WARD, Judi (ed.) – The Military Orders, vol. 4: On Land and by Sea. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008, pp. 91-110.
PRINGLE, Denys – Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
PRINGLE, Denys, – ‘A Rental of Hospitaller Properties in Twelfth-Century Jerusalem’. In EDGINGTON, Susan; NICHOLSON, Helen (ed.) – Deeds Done Beyond the Sea: Essays on William of Tyre, Cyprus and the Military Orders presented to Peter Edbury. Vol. 6. Crusades–Subsidia. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, pp. 181-196.
PRINGLE, Denys – “Gothic Architecture in the Holy Land and Cyprus: From Acre to Famagusta”. Levant 47.3 (2015), pp. 293-315.
PRINGLE, Denys – “The Abbey Church of St Mary the Great (or the Less) and its Benedictine Nunnery”. In VIEWEGER, Dieter; GIBSON, Shimon (ed.) – The Archaeology and History of the Church of the Redeemer and the Muristan in Jerusalem. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016, pp. 121-135.
PRINGLE, Denys – “The Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre”. In GRIFFITH- JONES, Robin; FERNIE, Eric (ed.) – Tomb and Temple: Reimagining the Sacred Buildings of Jerusalem. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2018, pp. 62-80.
PRINGLE, Denys – “The Identification of the Medieval Church of St Sabas in Jerusalem in the Light of New Documentary Evidence”. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 150.4 (2018), pp. 309-319.
RILEY-SMITH, Jonathan (ed.) – The Atlas of the Crusades. London: Times Books, 1991.
RILEY-SMITH, Jonathan – The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070–1309. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2012.
RÖHRICHT, Reinhold – Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzügge. 2 vols. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1874-1878.
RUSSELL, Josiah Cox – Medieval Regions and their Cities. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1972.
RUSSELL, Josiah Cox – “The Population of the Crusader States”. In ZANCOUR, Norman P.; HAZARD, Harry W. (ed.) – The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Vol. 5 of A History of the Crusades. Ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985, pp. 295-314.
STORME, Albert – La Voie Douloureuse. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1973.
VINCENT, Louis-Hugues; ABEL, Félix-Marie – Jérusalem: Recherches de topographie, d’archéologie et d’histoire. Vol. 2. Jérusalem nouvelle. 4 fascs + álbum. Paris: Gabalda, 1914-1926.
WIGHTMAN, Greg J. – The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem: Excavations by C.-M. Bennett and J.B. Hennessy at the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, 1964-66. (BAR International Series, vol. 519). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989.
WIGHTMAN, Greg J. – The Walls of Jerusalem: From the Canaanites to the Mamluks, Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement. Vol. 4. Sydney: Meditarch, 1993.
WILKINSON, John – “The Streets of Jerusalem”. Levant 7 (1975), pp. 118-136.
WILKINSON, John – Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185 (Hakluyt Society, series 2, vol. 167). London: The Hakluyt Society, 1988.Após mais de quatro séculos e meio de domínio muçulmano, em 15 de julho de 1099, Jerusalém foi conquistada pelos cruzados, transformando-se novamente, durante os 88 anos seguintes, numa cidade cristã. Nessa época, a população da cidade media-se talvez em centenas, não nos milhares dos períodos anteriores, mas tudo indica que terá crescido após a conquista. Por finais do século XII, a população parece ter recuperado os níveis anteriores, tendo então entre 20.000 a 30.000, ou seja, aproximadamente o mesmo tamanho de Acre, Tiro, Florença, ou Londres no mesmo período. Além destas flutuações demográficas e da redução da área das muralhas, o artigo analisa o impacto do domínio cristão nas estruturas da cidade. Da conversão, em 1101, da antiga mesquita al- Aqṣā num palácio régio, e, depois, no convento central do Templo, à renovação do alcácer como uma fortaleza de planta triangular, e, sobretudo, às alterações do Santo Sepulcro, com o alargamento da igreja e a junção de um claustro monástico.
Referências bibliográficas
Fontes impressas
ALBERT OF AACHEN – Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem. Ed. and trans. Susan B. Edgington. (Oxford Medieval Texts). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007.
ʿALĪ IBN ABĪ BAKR AL-HARAWĪ – Kitāb al-Ishārāt ilā Maʿrifat al-Ziyārāt. Ed. and trans. Josef W. Meri, A Lonely Wayfarer’s Guide to Pilgrimage (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, vol. 19). Princeton NJ: Darwin Press, 2004.
BENJAMIN OF TUDELA – The Itinerary. Ed. and trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. London: Oxford University Press, 1907.
Le Cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sépulchre de Jérusalem. Ed. Geneviève Bresc- Bautier (Documents relatifs à l’Histoire des Croisades, vol. 15). Paris: Geuthner, 1984.
Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier. Ed. L. de Mas Latrie. Paris: Société d’histoire de France, 1871,
EKKEHARD OF AURA – Hierosolymita, 4 (Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens occidentaux, vol. 5). Paris: Imprimerie National, 1895.
FULCHER OF CHARTRES – Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana (1095– 1127), 2.6.9. Ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer. Heidelberg: Winters, 1913.
JOHN OF WÜRZBURG – Peregrinationes Tres. (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis (CCCM) 139). Ed. Robert B.C. Huygens. Turnhout: Brepols, 1994.
HIESTAND, Rudolf (ed.) – Vorarbeiten zum Oriens Pontificius, vol. 3: Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse, series 3, vol. 136). Göttingen, 1985.
IBN AL-ATHĪR – Al-Kāmil fīꞌl-taʾrikh. Ed. and Fr. trans. in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens orientaux, vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie National, 1844.
MAYER, Hans Eberhard (ed.) – Die Urkunden der Lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem, 4 vols. (Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH): Diplomata Regum Latinorum Hierosolymitanorum). Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2010, vol. 1.
THEODERICUS – Ed. Robert B. C. Huygens, Peregrinationes Tres (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis (CCCM) 139). Turnhout: Brepols, 1994.
USAMAH IBN MUNQIDH – The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades. Trans. Paul M. Cobb. London: Penguin, 2008.
WILLIAM OF TYRE – Chronicon, 11.27. Ed. Robert B. C. Huygens (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis (CCCM) 63). Turnhout: Brepols, 1986.
YAḤYA IBN SAʿĪD AL-ANṬĀKĪ – Histoire. Ed. and trans. I. Kratchkovsky et al., 3 vols. (Patrologia Orientalis, vols. 90, 114, 212). Paris: Firmin-Didot/Turnhout: Brepols, 1924-1997.
Estudos
ABEL, Félix-Marie – “L’État de la cité de Jérusalem au XIIe siècle”. In ASHBEE, C. R. (ed.) – Jerusalem 1920–1922: Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the first two years of the Civil Administration. London: J. Murray, Pub. for the Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society 1924, pp. 32-40.
AMIRAN, Ruth; EITAN, Avi – “Excavations in the Courtyard of the Citadel, Jerusalem, 1968–1969 (Preliminary Report)”. Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1970), pp. 9-17.
BAGATTI, Bellarmino; PICCIRILLO, Michele; PRODOMO, A. – New Discoveries at the Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Gethsemane. (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio minor, 17). Trans. L. Scriberras. Jerusalem: Franciscan Print Press, 1975.
BAHAT, Dan; BROSHI, Magen – “Excavations in the Armenian Garden”. In YADIN, Yigael (ed.) –Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 1968-1974. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Newhaven CT: Yale UP, 1976, pp. 55-56.
BAHAT, Dan – “Crusader Jerusalem”. In ROZENBERG, Silvia (ed.) – Knights of the Holy Land: The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1999, pp. 71–81.
BAHAT, Dan; RUBINSTEIN, Chaim T. – The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Trans. Shlomo Ketko. Jerusalem: Carta, 1989, pp. 90-103.
BENVENISTI, Meron – The Crusaders in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1970.
BERKOVICH, Ilya; RE’EM, Amit – “The Location of the Crusader Hospital in the Muristan – A Reassessment”. In VIEWEGER, Dieter; GIBSON, Shimon (ed.) – The Archaeology and History of the Church of the Redeemer and the Muristan in Jerusalem. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016, pp. 193-220.
BIDDLE, Martin – The Tomb of Christ. Stroud: Sutton, 1999.
BIDDLE, Martin; AVNI, Gideon; SELIGMAN, John; WINTER, Tamar – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. New York: Rizzoli, 2000.
BOAS, Adrian – Crusader Archaeology. London: Routledge, 1999.
BOAS, Adrian – Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades. London: Routledge, 2001.
BOAS, Adrian J. – Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to- Day Activities in the Crusader States. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
CORBO, Virgilio – Il Santo Sepolcro di Gersalemme: Aspetti archeologici dalle origini al periodo crociato. (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Collectio Maior, vol. 29). Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 3 vols., 1981-1982.
COÜASNON, Charles – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. (The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1972). London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1974.
FOLDA, Jaroslav – The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098-1187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
FOLDA, Jaroslav – “The South Transept Façade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem: An Aspect of ‘Rebuilding Zion’”. In FRANCE, John; ZAJAC, William J. (ed.) – The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 239-257.
GEVA, Hilel – “Excavations in the Citadel of Jerusalem, 1979–1980: Preliminary Report”. Israel Exploration Journal 33 (1983), pp. 55-71.
GIBSON, Shimon; LEWIS, Rafael Y.; TABOR, James – “New Finds from the 11th to 13th Centuries along the Southern Old City Wall of Mount Zion”. In New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and its Region: Collected Papers, vol. 10, Jerusalem, 2016, pp. 39*-55*.
HAMILTON, Robert W. – The Structural History of the Aqsa Mosque: A Record of Gleanings from the Repairs of 1938–1942. Jerusalem and London: Government of Palestine, 1949.
HENNESSY, J. Basil – “Preliminary Report on the Excavations at the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, 1964-1966”. Levant 2 (1970), pp. 22–27.
HIYARI, Mustafa A. – “Crusader Jerusalem, 1099–1187 AD”. In ASALI, K. J. (ed.) – Jerusalem in History. London: Scorpion Press, 1990, pp. 130-176.
HUNT, Lucy-Ann – “Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, and Crusader Wall painting of the mid-twelfth century”. In FOLDA, Jaroslav (ed.) – Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century. (BAR International Series, vol. 152). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1982, pp. 191–214.
HUNT, Lucy-Anne – “Artistic and Cultural Inter-Relations between the Christian Communities at the Holy Sepulchre in the 12th Century”. In O’MAHONY, Anthony (ed.) – The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land. London: Scorpion Cavendish, 1995, pp. 57-96.
JOHNS, Cedric Norman – “The Citadel, Jerusalem. A Summary of Work since 1934”. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 14 (1950), pp. 121-190 [reprinted in JOHNS, Cedric Norman – Pilgrims’ Castle (‘Atlit), David’s Tower (Jerusalem) and Qal‘at ar-Rabad (‘Ajlun): Three Middle Eastern Castles from the Time of the Crusades. Ed. D. Pringle. Aldershot: Ashgate-Variorum, 1997, ch. VII].
KEDAR, Benjamin Z.; PRINGLE, Denys – “1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)”. In GRABAR, Oleg; KEDAR, Benjamim Z. (ed.) – Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Sacred Esplanade. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute/Austin TX: University of Texas Press, 2009, pp. 132- 149.
LUTTRELL, Anthony – “The Earliest Templars”. In BALARD, Michel (ed.) – Autour de la Première Croisade. Vol. 14. Byzantina Sorboniensia. Paris: Sorbonne, 1996, p
Ramla, City of Muslim Palestine, 715–1917: Studies in history, archaeology and architecture.
No full textThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the history, archaeology and architecture of the city of Ramla from the time of its foundation as capital of Umayyad Palestine around 715 until the end of Ottoman rule in 1917. It begins with a historical outline covering in turn the early Islamic (Robert Hoyland), Crusader (Peter Edbury), Ayyubid-Mamluk (Donald S. Richards) and Ottoman periods (Matthew Elliot). In the archaeological section, Gideon Avni’s synthesis of the results of excavations on the early Islamic city is followed by discussions of the Umayyad-period aqueduct (Amir Gorzalczany) and the historical interpretation of First World War aerial photographs (Benjamin Z. Kedar). Architectural studies include a complete corpus of the surviving Muslim buildings (Andrew Petersen), a reassessment of the remains of the White Mosque (Michael H. Burgoyne), an account of the Christian buildings (Denys Pringle), and an analysis of late Ottoman alterations to the Great Mosque (Katia Cytryn-Silverman). The final section on numismatics and epigraphy includes chapters on the coinage of Umayyad Ramla (Nikolaus Schindel), the Arabic inscriptions (Mehmet Tütüncü) and late medieval Christian pilgrims’ graffiti (Denys Pringle). The volume concludes with three appendices, including a hitherto unpublished report on the White Mosque (1919–20) by K.A.C. Creswell, a gazetteer of settlements in the Crusader lordships of Ramla, Lydda and Mirabel, and the endowment deed for a house dated 1713 (Maher Abu-Munshar)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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