1,720,958 research outputs found
Innovation Patterns in the History of Web Technology: A Patent-Based Approach.
No full textThis thesis explores the evidence behind popular narratives regarding the development of the Web industry over time. Topics such as the rate of technological growth, generations in Web technology and the emergence of novel technological species are conceptualised here using theoretical perspectives from the fields of economic history, innovation studies and cultural evolution. These fields share an interest in applying the evolutionary principles of variation, selection andtransmission to technological change. Each principle is investigated here by means of empirical investigations into the temporal patterns of Web innovation, adoption of technical standards and transmission of knowledge through time. The methodological approach is based on an original longitudinal dataset of 20,493 US patents related specifically to the Web to trace the history of this industry between the years of 1990 through 2013. Quantitative analyses revealed thatinnovation in the Web industry in some ways conformed, and in other ways deviated from theoretical models of technology growth. Areas of consistency include an initial S-shaped trajectory of corporate innovation that aligned with stock market movements. Associations like this have previously been observed in other technological revolutions. The unique aspects of Web evolution relate mainly to its continued growth beyond the expected ceiling of the S-curve. It was found that this extension can be partly attributed to firms who adopted interactive Web 2.0applications such as social networks, blogs, wikis and RSS feeds. Moreover, Web 2.0 firms werecontinuing to adopt core Web standards that had been established earlier. It appears that standardisation played a role in the long-term evolution of the Web industry by providing a meansfor knowledge to be conserved, transmitted and combined in new ways. The thesis concludes with implications for researchers, managers and policy makers with a view to understanding and fostering sustainable long-term innovation. Specific recommendations are also provided to support the future expansion of Web technology into the emerging fields of data science and AI
Longitudinal study of Web-related patents
No full textOriginal dataset and analysis scripts for our patent-based study into the history of corporate Web innovation. The dataset contains 20,493 Web-related patents filed between years 1990 through 2013 in the US. From this dataset we extracted temporal patenting rates which are used in the analysis. The accumulation of patents over time is fitted using regressions to examine the shape of the growth curve in Web technology. We also analyse the relationship between monthly patenting rates and NASDAQ stock market movements using a VAR model.</span
Innovation on the Web: the end of the S-curve?
No full textRigorous research into the historical past of Web technology driven innovation becomes timely as technological growth and forecasting are attracting popular interest. Drawing on economic and management literature relating to the typical trends of technological innovation, we examine the long-term development of Web technology in a theoretically informed and empirical manner.An original longitudinal dataset of 20,493 Web-related US patents is used to trace the growth curve of Web technology between the years of 1990 through 2013. We find that the accumulation of corporate Web inventions followed an S-shaped curve which shifted to linear growth after year 2004. This transition is unusual in relation to the traditional S-curve model of technological development that typically approaches a limit. The point of inflection on the S-curve coincided reasonably closely with the timing of the dot-com crash in year 2000. Moreover, we find a complex bi-directional relationship between patenting rates in Web technology and movements in the NASDAQ composite stock index. The implications of these results are discussed in theoretical and practical terms for sustained technological growth. Specific recommendations for different stakeholders in commercial Web development are included
Do online voting patterns reflect evolved features of human cognition? An exploratory empirical investigation
Get PDFOnline votes or ratings can assist internet users in evaluating the credibility and appeal of the information which they encounter. For example, aggregator websites such as Reddit allow users to up-vote submitted content to make it more prominent, and down-vote content to make it less prominent. Here we argue that decisions over what to up- or down-vote may be guided by evolved features of human cognition. We predict that internet users should be more likely to up-vote content that others have also up-voted (social influence), content that has been submitted by particularly liked or respected users (model-based bias), content that constitutes evolutionarily salient or relevant information (content bias), and content that follows group norms and, in particular, prosocial norms. 489 respondents from the online social voting community Reddit rated the extent to which they felt different traits influenced their voting. Statistical analyses confirmed that norm-following and prosociality, as well as various content biases such as emotional content and originality, were rated as important motivators of voting. Social influence had a smaller effect than expected, while attitudes towards the submitter had little effect. This exploratory empirical investigation suggests that online voting communities can provide an important test-bed for evolutionary theories of human social information use, and that evolved features of human cognition may guide online behaviour just as it guides behaviour in the offline world
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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