2,663 research outputs found
The Question of Responsibility for Self-Driving Vehicles
No full textV diplomskem delu se ukvarjam z vprašanjem odgovornosti samovozečih vozil. Najprej predstavim stopnje avtomatizacije vozil združenja SAE, ki določajo, kako razvita je avtonomnost vozila. Nato opišem dileme, s katerimi nas soočajo vozila, ki niso popolnoma avtonomna – v njih mora voznik v določenih situacijah še vedno prevzeti nadzor. Toda poudarek diplomskega dela je na etičnih vprašanjih, ki jih prinašajo popolnoma avtonomna oziroma samovozeča vozila. Ta vozila imajo vgrajene umetnointeligenčne učeče se algoritme, pri katerih ne moremo več predvideti vseh njihovih možnih izidov, kot je bilo to mogoče pri determinističnih algoritmih. Ker umetna inteligenca še ne more odgovarjati sama zase, se nam zastavi vprašanje, kdo je odgovoren za prometne nesreče, ki jih povzročijo avtonomna vozila. Umetni inteligenci je treba povedati, kako naj ravna v etično spornih situacijah. S temi situacijami se ukvarja dilema pobeglega vagona, zato jo predstavim in skušam ugotoviti, katera rešitev dileme bi bila najprimernejša za uporabo pri samovozečih vozilih. Odgovora ne najdem, ker vsaka rešitev s seboj prinaša težave. Zato raziščem vprašanje, kdo naj bi sprejel sporno odločitev, kako naj samovozeča vozila ravnajo v primerih neizogibnih nesreč, in s tem nosil odgovornost zanje. Na koncu sklenem, da avtonomna vozila – tudi če rešitve za dilemo pobeglega vagona ne najdemo – celokupno močno znižajo število prometnih nesreč in s seboj prinašajo toliko drugih prednosti, da jih je smiselno čim prej poslati na ceste.This undergraduate thesis occupies itself with the issue of responsibility for self-driving vehicles. First, I introduce the SAE levels of vehicle automation which determine how autonomous a vehicle is. I then describe the dilemmas we are faced with when dealing with vehicles that are not fully autonomous - the driver still has to take over control of these vehicles in specific situations. However, the emphasis of the thesis is on the ethical issues brought about by fully autonomous or self-driving vehicles. These vehicles have built-in artificially intelligent self-learning algorithms, whose all possible outcomes can no longer be predicted, as was possible with deterministic algorithms. As artificial intelligence cannot yet be held accountable for itself, this raises the question of who is responsible for traffic accidents caused by autonomous vehicles. Artificial intelligence should be told how to act in ethically sensitive situations. These situations are examined by the trolley problem, which I describe. Then I try to find out which solution to the problem would be most appropriate for use in self-driving vehicles. I do not find the answer, because every solution has its own problems. Therefore, I explore the question of who is to make the sensitive decision on how self-driving vehicles should act in cases of inevitable accidents and be responsible for it. Finally, I conclude that autonomous vehicles – even if no solution to the trolley problem is found – reduce the number of traffic accidents overall and bring so many other benefits, that it makes sense to get them on the road as soon as possible
Data and platform co-ops in smart city citizenship: interview with Igor Calzada
No full textIgor Calzada is a senior researcher at universities like Oxford and Cardiff with a focus on urban, regional and technopolitical transformations, considering data issues and social innovation. In November 2020, he launched the book Smart City Citizenship, which proposes another framework at smart cities based on democratic governance and citizenship. Thus, he presents how it is possible to understand and intervene in technopolitical disputes involving algorithms, data, and artificial intelligence based on notions such as digital sovereignty. Among the possibilities, there is the creation of data and platform co-ops based on data and digital commons. For the author, data cooperatives are a subtype of platform cooperatives, in which they focus on business models, while data co-ops share and store data. The book analyzes, among other cases, the Barcelona ecosystem and proposes perspectives for public policies. Currently, Calzada is interested in exploring new models of data governance and artificial intelligence to propose alternative ways to data ecosystems in the European scenario. He defends experimental cities as a reaction to the mainstream idea of the city as a platform, as a reproduction of extractive and panoptic practices through hyperconnectivity. But it will be very difficult in a dangerous context. And he provokes: “how, in the current context, in which we are closed in our homes, can we propose cities with open systems? Other recommendations from the author are an article on platform and data co-ops published in Sustainability journal and a conversation in Spanish about social innovation in smart cities. Read the interview with Igor Calzada: https://digilabour.com.br/2021/01/06/data-and-platform-co-ops-in-smart-city-citizenship-interview-with-igor-calzada
Piano works by Igor Stravinsky
No full textIn my work I thought was right at first a brief outline development work of Igor Stravinsky. I also tried to "map out" the emergence of some major piano works by the author. finally, I added a few notes on the piano interpretive art of Igor Stravinsky
»Tri ali štiri maksime...«
No full textIn the Discours de la Méthode Descartes mentions three or four maxims of his temporary morals. How to understand this indetermination? The author, after sketching two interpretations of this locus (F. Alquié and J.-M. Beyssade), attempts an analysis of the first maxim, which shows its internal bifurcation. It's actually composed of two promises. After the initial promise to external authorities, which is sometimes seen as the entire first maxim there appears an often unseen or underestimated second one, according to which it's not appropriate to make promises concerning matters, that are subject to changeable judgements. Between the promise of loyalty to external authorities and the freedom of rational researches arises a tension difficult to surmount.
The author is pledging for the priority of the promise made to himself, which is the only one to provide an adequate basis for the wanted freedom of scientific research, and is from this point of view the fundamental maxim of Descartes's morals. The so called fourth maxim only reformulates and develops it in a »safe« distance from the opposition of the strategically declarative beginning of the first.Descartes v Razpravi o metodi spregovori o maksimah svoje začasne morale, ki so »tri ali štiri«. Kako razumeti to nedoločnost? Po prikazu dveh interpretacij tega mesta (F. Alquié in J.-M. Beyssade) jo avtor pojasnjuje s pomočjo analize prve maksime, ki pokaže na njen notranji razcep. Sestavljata jo dve obljubi. Uvodni obljubi zunanjim avtoritetam, ki je včasih dojeta kot vsa »vsebina« prve maksime, se v nadaljevanju pridružuje često prezrta ali slabo ovrednotena obljuba samemu sebi, po kateri ne kaže obljubljati drugim ničesar o stvareh, do katerih se sodba lahko spremeni. Med obljubo lojalnosti zunanjim avotritetam in zvestobo svobodi razumskega raziskovanja je težko premostljiva napetost.
Avtor dokazuje prvenstvo Descartesove obljube samemu sebi, ki edina zagotavlja ustrezno podlago znanstvenemu raziskovanju in je v tem pogledu temeljna maksima morale - t.i. četrta maksima jo le reformulira in razvije v »varni« razdalji od opozicije s strateško deklarativnim začetkom prve
Commitment in David Gauthier\u27s philosophy
No full textDiplomska naloga predstavi argumentacijo, s katero David Gauthier zagovarja racionalnost
sprejemanja in izpolnjevanja zavez k prihodnjim dejanjem. Diplomska naloga to argumentacijo
tudi umesti v širši kontekst Gauthierjeve pogodbene moralne teorije in teorije racionalne izbire, na
katero se Gauthier navezuje. Pri tem pokaže, da Gauthier teorijo racionalne izbire ne le uporablja,
temveč ponudi tudi lastno interpretacijo le-te. Poleg tega diplomska naloga predstavi del razprave,
ki poteka okoli Gauthierjeve filozofije. To stori tako, da predstavi nekaj pomembnih kritik
Gauthierjeve filozofije in nekaj njej alternativnih filozofskih stališč.The undergraduate thesis unfolds the argumentation used by David Gauthier to defend the
rationality of making and fulfilling commitments. In doing that the thesis also positions Gauthier’s
argumentation within the larger context of his contractarian moral theory and the theory of rational
choice, on which he relies. The thesis also shows that the theory of rational choice is not just used
by Gauthier, but also reinterpreted by him. Finally, the thesis presents part of the debate concerning
Gauthier’s philosophy. It does this by exposing some important criticisms of Gauthier’s philosophy
and some philosophical positions alterative to it
Introduzione a Igor Spanò (a cura di) Il Teatro e la festa. Il tempio, la piazza, la scena
No full textPer tre giorni gli studiosi che sono intervenuti al Convegno hanno riflettuto sul senso e sulle funzioni, sulle pratiche cultuali e rituali, sui luoghi che hanno definito nel corso del tempo i momenti della festa e sulle forme di rappresentazione agonistica (danze, corse, gare, giochi di abilità) o drammatica - di cui erano parte essenziale la musica e il canto - che, spesso intrinsecamente, li accompagnano. L'autore nella sua introduzione esamina le sfumature di significato che racchiude il termine utsava, “festa”, “gioia” in sanscrito.For three days the scholars who spoke at the conference reflected on the meaning and functions, on the cult and ritual practices, on the places that have defined the moments of the celebration over time and on the forms of competitive representation (dances, races, competitions, skill games) or dramatic - of which music and singing were an essential part - which, often intrinsically, accompany them. In his introduction, the author examines the nuances of meaning contained in the term utsava, "feast", "joy" in Sanskrit
Public Healthcare and the right to access to longevity technologies
No full textMagistrska naloga, se ukvarja z dolgoživostnimi tehnologijami, ki podaljšujejo življenje in izboljšujejo zdravje. Čeprav so dolgoživostne tehnologije še v razvoju, smo predpostavili tako imenovani »scenarij povrnjenih stroškov«, v katerem je ob njihovem zagotavljanju vsem državljanom v določenem časovnem obdobju dosežena finančna nevtralnost. S pomočjo te ideje smo postavili tezo: »Če sprejemamo etično teorijo sodobnega liberalnega filozofa Johna Rawlsa, teoretske vstavke drugih sodobnih filozofov, ki se lahko vključijo v njegov teoretski okvir, ter naše teoretske nadgradnje teorije Johna Rawlsa, ter če se omejimo na liberalne socialne države in tako imenovan scenarij povrnjenih stroškov v državi, lahko trdimo, da: bi bile te države etično prima facie zavezane ponuditi možnost vsem svojim državljanom, da v sistemu javnega zdravstva neovirano, nediskriminirano in brezplačno dostopajo do dolgoživostnih tehnologij, izjema so tisti, na katerih dolgoživostne tehnologije zaradi njihovega zdravstvenega stanja niso uspešne.«. V bran tezi filozofsko argumentiramo, da je podaljševanje življenja zvrst reševanja življenj in da argumenti starostne diskriminacije v zdravstvu niso sprejemljivi. Po teoriji Johna Rawlsa sledimo petim možnim nadgradnjam njegove teorije v zdravstvu. Peto nadgradnjo predlagamo v smislu novega razumevanja Rawlsovega prvega načela »o enakih temeljnih svoboščinah«. Te razumemo na način pozitivnih svoboščin, kar nam omogoči zagovor pozitivnih pravic. Trdimo, da morajo biti slednje zagotovljene vsaj v primeru, če so za državo praktično brez cene. Ker naša teza predpostavlja, da to v primeru ponudbe dolgoživostnih tehnologij velja, lahko argumentiramo v prid tezi na podlagi temeljnih pravic življenja in zdravja.The master\u27s thesis deals with longevity technologies that prolong life and strengthen health. Although such longevity technologies are still in development, we assumed the so-called “cost recovery scenario” in which, while providing them to all citizens, financial neutrality is achieved over a period of time. Using these ideas, we put forward the thesis: “If we accept the ethical theory of the contemporary liberal philosopher John Rawls, the theoretical positions of other contemporary philosophers that can be included in his theoretical framework, and our theoretical upgrades to John Rawls theory, and if we limit ourselves to liberal welfare states in the so-called cost recovery scenario in a country, it can be argued that: these countries would be ethically prima facie obliged to offer opportunities to all their citizens to have access to longevity technologies in the public health system unhindered, non-discriminatory and free of chargethe exceptions are those on which longevity technologies are not successful due to their health condition”. In defense of the thesis, we philosophically argue that life extension is a type of life-saving and that the arguments of age discrimination in health care are not acceptable. Following John Rawls’s theory, we follow five possible upgrades to his theory in healthcare. We propose a fifth upgrade in terms of a new understanding of Rawls “first principle“ about equal fundamental freedoms. We understand these in the way of positive freedoms, which allows us to defend positive rights. We argue that the latter must be provided at least if they are practically priceless for the state. Since our thesis assumes that this is the case in the case of the offer of longevity technologies, we can argue in favour of the thesis based on the fundamental rights of life and health
Ethical acceptance of euthanasia without consent
No full textV diplomskem delu bom predstavila problem evtanazije pri osebkih, ki se zaradi različnih razlogov ne morejo za to odločiti sami oz. ne morejo v to privoliti, pred tem stanjem pa niso izrazili mnenja o tem. Gre za ljudi v dolgotrajnih komah, o novorojenčkih, itd..In this thesis I will present the problem of euthanasia in individuals who for various reasons cannot decide for themselves or they cannot consent to it and have not expressed an opinion on it before the situation. It\u27s about people in long-term comas, about newborns, etc.
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