3,535 research outputs found
Effect of the number of daily distributions of solid feed on veal calves’ health status, behaviour, and alterations of rumen and abomasa
No full textThe research aimed at evaluating the effect of three versus two daily distributions of solid feed on veal calves’ health, behaviour, and rumen and abomasal mucosa alterations with the rationale that three distributions might improve calves’ health and welfare. The study was carried out in two veal calf farms that provided different amounts of solid feed (farm A 200 kg DM/calf; farm B 150 kg DM/calf) during the fattening in addition to liquid milk-replacer. It involved 342 calves in farm A and 108 calves in farm B. The change from two to three solid feed distributions/day started for half calves/farm after the third month of fattening when farm A was feeding 800 g and farm B 600 g DM/calf/day. Health status, blood haemoglobin, and behaviour were assessed on farm at different times. Calves’ carcass weight was recorded and rumens and abomasa were inspected post mortem. Increasing solid feed distributions did not improve calves’ health but it reduced non-nutritive oral behaviours (4.8 versus 3.2 ± 0.4% for two and three distributions/day, respectively) by prolonging the time spent eating solid feed. Carcass weight was similar between treatments. Three daily solid feed distributions did not reduce the prevalence of rumen mucosa hyperkeratinisation and abomasal alterations, worsening the frequency of rumen plaques. As the partition of daily dose of solid feed in three distributions is more time and labour consuming, its benefits addressing only the reduction of non-nutritive oral behaviours seem not sufficient to justify the routinely adoption of this practice by veal producers
Effects of the provision of large amounts of solid feeds to veal calves on growth and slaughter performance and intravitam and postmortem welfare indicators
No full textPolish Friesian male calves (n = 78) were
used to investigate the effects of innovative feeding plans
based on the provision of large amounts of solid feeds on
growth performance, welfare, and carcass characteristics
of veal calves. Groups of calves (initial BW 71.5 ± 3.7
kg) were fed 1 of 3 treatments (26 calves/treatment): 1)
milk replacer plus corn grain (CG), 2) milk replacer plus
an 80:20 mixture (as-fed basis) of corn grain and wheat
straw (CGS), or 3) milk replacer plus a 72:20:8 mixture
(as-fed basis) of corn grain, wheat straw, and extruded
soybean, respectively (CGSES). All the treatments provided
at least 170 kg DM/calf from solid feed throughout
the 206 d of fattening. Type and concentration of milk
replacer were the same for all calves throughout fattening.
Calves fed CGSES received 96% of the daily amount
of milk replacer delivered to CG and CGS to balance the
dietary CP content. No differences (P ≥ 0.063) among
treatments were observed for growth performance and
DMI. Health status of CG calves was less than CGSES
calves, as indicated by the greatest (P < 0.001) proportion
of milk replacer refusal events and the greatest (P
< 0.001) incidence of treatments for respiratory disorders.
Inclusion of straw and soybean in the solid feeds
increased (P < 0.001) the daily intake of iron in CGS and
CGSES as compared with CG; however, blood hemoglobin
concentrations measured at d 5 and 31 were greater (P
< 0.05) than when measured on d 80, 122, and 206 of fattening.
Feeding treatment did not (P ≥ 0.107) affect HCW,
dressing percentage, or carcass color. Calves fed CG had
heavier (P < 0.001) reticulorumens and more (P < 0.001)
developed rumens than CGS and CGSES calves, but 84%
and 68% of CG rumens (P < 0.001) showed overt signs
of hyperkeratinization and plaques, respectively. These
alterations of rumen mucosa were not detected in CGSES
calves, and only 8% of CGS calves had rumen plaques.
Regardless of feeding treatment, postmortem inspection
recorded a prevalence of more than 84% abomasal
lesions. When feeding veal calves with large amounts
of solids, it is advisable to avoid the provision of corn
grain alone and replace part of the cereal with a roughage
source to improve calf health and prevent rumen mucosa
alterations
Nutrient digestibility of veal calves fed large amounts of different solid feeds during the first 80 days of fattening
No full textThe study aimed at evaluating nutrients apparent digestibility in veal calves fed 3 feeding plans based on milk-replacer plus large amounts of solid feeds differing in their composition during the first 80 days of fattening. Twelve Polish Friesian male calves (70.6±1.9 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the following feeding treatments: i) milk-replacer plus corn grain (CG); ii) milk-replacer plus 80:20 mixture (as fed basis) of corn grain and wheat straw (CGS); and iii) milk-replacer plus 72:20:8 mixture of corn grain, wheat straw and extruded soybean (CGSES). Calves received the same milk-replacer but the daily amount was restricted (96%) for CGSES calves to balance dietary protein. Total dry matter intake
from milk-replacer and solid feeds was similar among treatments, but CGSES calves showed better growth performance than CG ones. Calves were introduced into a metabolism stall (1/pen) during week 9 of fattening for a 3-day adaptation period and a 4-day digestibility trial. Calves fed CG showed the greatest DM, NFC, and ash digestibility while CGSES calves
showed the lowest CP digestibility. Haemoglobin concentrations measured at day 5, 31 and 80 were similar among feeding treatments and significantly decreased over time. In CGSES treatment, the combination of milkreplacer with solid feed closer to a complete diet for ruminants led to better calves’ growth performance. However, the reduced protein
digestibility with CGSES indicates that protein quality becomes a key factor when formulating diets for veal calves using alternatives to dairy sources
Entanglement and quantity in quantum space - About quantum measurement (II)
No full textAs a continuation and extension of "quantity in phase space" "quantity in quantum space" is introduced. With that, the disappearing of quantum interference discussed in a previous paper [S. Durr, et al., Nature 395 (1998) 33] is explained in the same spirit as our recent papers [Ren De-Ming, Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 41 (2004) 685, 833].Physics, MultidisciplinarySCI(E)中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)1ARTICLE133-364
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