1,720,955 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Reimagining Built Ecologies: Novel Framework for solar-water building envelope systems for year-round water security, thermal management, and daylighting
No full textWater insecurity is a global challenge irrespective of a country’s development index, the extent of its infrastructure, or regional water availability. Lack of access to safe drinking water affects almost one-third of the global population. An estimated 2.2 billion people are at risk of contracting easily preventable waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, the third leading cause of death in children under five. Although large-scale water infrastructure has fundamentally improved public health since the 19th century, the paradigm of centralized modern water systems is becoming increasingly indefensible because they are not commensurate with available regional resources in the majority of climates. The infeasibility of depleting resources to meet demand endangers geopolitical relations and worsens inequitable water access through increased water pricing and water quality violations. This thesis investigates the potential shift to a decentralized paradigm of water management that enables a tightly coupled relationship between available ambient water resources and adaptation. Through integrated architectural systems that collect and redistribute bioclimatic resources, environmentally sensitive responses to the provision of energy and water needs of households are examined through building envelopes that capture and purify water while shaping the luminous and thermal environment. The approach is a departure from the technical context of modern, single-function systems such as conventional Household Water Treatment Systems (HWTS). Used by over a third of households in water-insecure regions, HWTS provide limited protection against specific pathogens, particularly viruses, inducing user mistrust with persistent waterborne disease exposure and prolonging the general depreciation of the viability of on-site solar water approaches. Furthermore, they are standalone devices that require space, fuel, and costly input materials and miss the synergistic value of integrating solar capture, rainwater harvesting, and storage within building envelopes, which provide critical assets for future net-zero systems for energy, heat, light, and comfort. Research Proposition: Novel Framework for Solar-Water Building Envelope Systems for Year-Round Water Security, Thermal Management, and Daylighting This research takes a fundamentally different, embodied approach towards collecting and shaping ambient energy and water by integrating visible biologically based water treatment processes into the aesthetic design criteria for building envelope and glazing systems. Resource insecurity is addressed ecosystemically by collecting and shaping on-site energy and water resources to furnish the indoor ecosystem with clean drinking water, thermal comfort, and daylighting. Building upon research in the Solar Enclosure for Water Reuse (SEWR) Framework previously developed at the Center for Architecture Science and Ecology (CASE) and the Yale Center for Ecosystems + Architecture (Yale CEA), this dissertation incorporates decades of research in adaptive building facades, optical physics, material science, and chemistry to demonstrate for the first time how low-cost modifications to the building envelope and roof systems could provide photoreactor conditions for novel plant-based photosensitizer-enhanced Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) and solar pasteurization (SOPAS) to increase the viability of on-site water treatment using renewable plant-based materials. A system proposition is developed and demonstrated for low-income households within three bioclimatic field sites: Phoenix, Arizona; Cape Town, South Africa; and Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. Experimentation within each field site evaluated the system performance, including water disinfection capacity, solar heating, and daylighting. The novel design combines solar concentration and plant-based photosensitization to reduce the time to inactivate waterborne viruses from more than 6 hours for conventional solar disinfection to less than 10 minutes. Incorporating several water treatment mechanisms, the system overcomes the limited availability of sunlight across wet and dry seasons by leveraging broad-spectrum solar energy for effective expedited treatment. Modeled extrapolation of the field data showed that even during non-optimal solar periods, a 1 m2 system provides a minimum of 15 L per person daily potable water annually, meeting UN minimum drinking water requirements. The synergistic benefits also extend to the provision of hot water and daylighting, delivering up to 80-95% of annual domestic hot water demands in temperate to arid climates and reducing glare compared to conventional double-glazed skylights, permitting large fenestration areas and adequate cool daylighting (10% Tsol, 10-20% Fenestration ratio). Impact and Future work These findings could transform distributed water systems for urban areas lacking safe water supply by providing year-round water safety and heating without dependence on grid-based energy or off-site consumables, forging resiliency, benefiting household security and between water-energy-food nexus systems in the built environment. Furthermore, to meet the requirements for net-zero households, the integrated approach maximizes the potential for exterior roofs and walls to simultaneously deliver clean energy, water, and daylighting. Future work will investigate architectural integration to assess the potential for distributed urban water systems to transform global water security through widespread adoption across housing types
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Towards built ecologies: a consideration of multi-systemic bioresponsive behaviors within architectural systems
No full textDecember 2018School of ArchitectureThe Built Environment shapes our lived experience both as a subjective measure of personal experience, and as an objective measure of biological interactions catalyzed within an environment. An individual’s sense of well-being, their physiological and psychological health, is as mutually reinforced by the systemic response of their physical constitution in an environment, as it is a personalized interactional response of themselves within their environmental world-view. The research addresses the need to comprehend the holistic influence of built environments on the human body and mind, responding to increased patterns of urban living and the reliance that the individual and the social collective places on these as lifelong habitats. Within this context, population-level epidemiological studies that focus on the welfare of urban dwellers have shown an increased risk of non-communicable diseases associated with various aspects of urban lifestyles, such as stress and pollutant exposures. A bi-directionality of correlational data across factors has similarly been shown, wherein lifestyle and/or mental outlook mutually reinforce the risk of disease (i.e. reinforces the likelihood of diseases OR reinforces the risk of disease) or the reverse, whereby disease reinforces particular impediments to livelihood, such as an increased probability of depression and antisocial lifestyle changes. These areas of research form part of numerous initiatives which initiatives, which are collaboratively attempting to work across disciplines, ones which take a Salutogenic approach towards interpreting the multifactorial influences on our sense of well-being, and of the value in collaboratively partaking from all professional standpoints. The research is lensed within the scope of architectural design and interdisciplinary sciences, a field which draws on historic and contemporary theoretical discourse within the humanities, alongside that of the paralleled evolutions in the sciences and applied technology. Primacy is placed on the human body, both for the satisfaction of personalized embodied experience as a humanist interest and as an instrument to measure collective health outcomes. The experiential has long formed part of architectural discourse, attempting to derive qualities from the subjective understanding of the body in a space, as the instrumentation of perception and as the basis by which we cognitively derive meaning. In providing a starting point, the Phenomenological theory of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty is introduced, relevant to the modern paradigm preferencing the experience of the individual over the cultural collective. Traversing the theoretical to that which is critically applied to society, Heidegger and Latour inform this distinction then are given to examining the natural and unnatural as outcomes of humankind’s making; the technological products of the alienated (dis)embodiment of their makers, impacting qualities of the built environment. Conceived of as multi-systemic bioresponsive considerations, firstly necessitates characterizing the human individual as a system through which bioresponsive qualities can be considered and mapped qualitatively or measured quantitatively, and secondly, considerations towards multiple systems being engaged in a set of changing interrelated relationships, the human system being one of these. A relationship is thirdly suggested between these multiple systems and the environment, the latter’s behaviors and characteristics similarly interrelated to that of the systems that are present. The environment as a physical and immediate setting, is viewed as a dynamic continuum of stimuli, both rhythmic and varying, engaged with, and described as, natural phenomena that is aligned with the biophysical understanding of these phenomena, which interact with the body’s nervous system as sense perception over time. These factors are shown to be of both a physically and cognitively perceived nature, with continued debate on the primacy of one over the other, be that affective or cognitive primacy. Relevant to the creative anthropocentric act of making one’s own environment to suit the ideological and physical needs of oneself and one’s community, this is thus argued as of special interest to both architectural theory and building practice. The discussion will focus on the built environment’s capacity and willful objective to create indoor conditions which are ecologically inclusive by nature, as a means of meeting the needs of the (multi-systemic) occupancy it is designed for. Further to this, as a use case, the research will focus on an multi-systemic experimental inquiry into the effects of air quality constituents on human health and wellbeing. Their transfer and deposition has increasingly been shown as impactful at all scales of human and ecological health, suggesting the interdependency of inclusivity as well as the risks associated with the opposite - alienation. Particular focus is placed on a growing area of concern, that of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Numerous studies have shown a direct causal relationship with certain aspects of poor air quality, which are linked to reduced cognitive function, to immune and long-term health. For these reasons, addressing IAQ is a relevant use case to this research as it provides both a medium across which to gauge the interactions between the human body and environment, as well as a quantifiable description of what airborne properties, to what specific degree, influence the human body. It provides a strong point of departure for a research thesis which might otherwise be side-lined to theoretical or hypothetical system’s concepts. The full breadth of this is addressed in detail through the Case Study which looks comparatively at the Air Quality of several environments and the quantified impacts these have on the human occupants.M
Questioning the Constructed Intangibilities of Water Resources within the Modern Household
Full text linkThe built environment defines how societies shape relationships within hydrological systems to ensure water security within natural and constructed limitations. Globally, due to geographic, climatic, and anthropogenic reasons, the experience of water scarcity is highly unequal. Within water-secure households, water is often taken for granted as a resource; this is in stark contrast to over a quarter of the world, including at least two million American citizens, for whom water insecurity intersects with the risk of losing residential tenure and heightened disease burden (Urban Waters Learning Network, n.d.; Fedinick et al. 2019).
In this paper, I show how centralized water governance models typically result in highly varied levels of household water security. Globally, public and private water authorities have adopted an economic model of scarcity in water management. Governments and service providers attempt to forestall unsustainable environmental degradation, costly energy intensity, and the mismanagement crippling large-scale infrastructural systems with the revenue they derive from treating water as an economic good. However, these models do not guarantee water access, safety, or affordability and have resulted in the unequal distribution of water scarcity between households.
The issues with centralized water management and the burden on communities are discussed through a case study of the ‘Day Zero’ drought in Cape Town, South Africa, which took place from 2015-2018. I discuss water access in two households before and during this three-year drought and emphasize how the built environment factors into consumption patterns, water tariffing, and the regulation of water access.
In contrast, I argue that decentralized and on-site water management could mediate regional and socio-economic disparities through increasing local water access. I foreground urban disparities in local water access to advocate for the decentralization of water infrastructure and an increase in access to and support for household water and energy security. Residential-to-neighborhood structures for on-site water management could provide more equitable resource negotiation within the built environment, increasing access and widespread security as locally attuned hybrid-decentralized systems
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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