1,721,115 research outputs found
Body, action, and space representations in people affected by spinal cord injuries
No full textAnecdotical reports concerning modifications of the perception of the body, space, and action following a spinal cord injury (SCI) are well known to professionals that have experienced with these patients as they can report body misperceptions (e.g., phantom limb or body loss), misrepresentations of space (e.g., body or limbs position, distance lengthening), changes in action representation (e.g., illusionary and phantom limb movement leading to muscular fatigue) (Cole, 2004; Conomy, 1973; Curt, Yengue, Hilti, & Brugger, 2011; Scandola et al., 2017). These sensations, linked to pain, the level of the lesion and the time passed since the lesion onset (Scandola, Aglioti, Avesani, et al., 2017), are symptoms of neuroplastic changes in areas related to the body, space, and action representation. A spinal cord interruption, especially when this is not developmental but acquired, abruptly changes the brain–body communication. This modification alters the balance between the body sensorial inputs, the signals sent toward it, and the brain activity, leading to abnormalities in cortical and subcortical activity. Consequently, the brain neuroplastically changes itself (Nardone et al., 2013) into brain networks that are involved in body, space, and action representations. Therefore, modifications in these cognitive functions are likely to occur. This chapter is organized as: a first section reviewing the main literature concerning neuroplastic modifications in SCI individuals, underlying those related to the body, space, or action representations, the following three sections will show the experimental outcomes from studies concerning these representations in SCI individuals, and a fourth section will highlight the experimental results showing the effects of rehabilitative trainings on these representations. Finally, a concluding section will present the main findings, interpretations, and connections
Shelf-life extension of cheese: frozen storage
No full textPreedy, V. R., Watson, R. R., & Patel, V. B. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of cheese in health: Production, nutrition and medical sciences (Vol. 6). Wageningen Academic Publishers
Nutritional anthropometry for amputees: challenges for clinicians
No full textAnthropometric measurements pose interesting challenges for clinicians when attempting\ud
to perform and interpet these in individuals with a lower extremity amputation. With little evidence\ud
to guide best practice, when clinicians do incorporate anthropometry into their practice they tend to\ud
apply measures with demonstrated validity in other populations. Following a comprehensive literature\ud
review, very few studies challenging the application of anthropometric measurements in those\ud
with a lower extremity amputation were identified. Largely the literature makes recommendations\ud
to continue to utilise body mass index, with complex equations developed to enable estimation of\ud
weight for the amputated limb. Alternatively the literature advocates for adopting measurements of\ud
the upper body while acknowledging that while these have correlation with measures such as body\ud
mass index, there is yet no information on whether these measures have any predictive ability in\ud
terms of health outcomes. The ideal approach is thus still controversial and research should focus on\ud
evaluating the ease and validity of various anthropometic measurements amongst those with a lower\ud
extremity amputation with a view to establish best practice recommendations for this group
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Cholesterol transporters in lactating and nonlactating human mammary tissue
Get PDFIn mammals milk is the principal nutrient for neonates at birth. The basic milk composition is similar between different mammals, but the content of individual constituents such as lipids may differ significantly from one species to another. The milk fat fraction is mainly composed of triglycerides which account for more than 95% of the lipids found in human and bovine milk. Though sterols and in particular cholesterol, the predominant milk sterol, represent less than 0.5% of the total milk lipid fraction, they are of ultimate importance for biological processes such as the formation of biological membranes or as precursors for steroid hormone synthesis. Cholesterol found in milk originates either from blood uptake or from local synthesis. This chapter provides an overview of cholesterol exchanges between the blood, the mammary tissue and the milk. The current knowledge on the expression, localization and function of candidate cholesterol transporters in mammary tissues of human, murine and bovine origin is summarized. Different mechanisms of how cholesterol can be transferred via the mammary tissue into milk, and which active cholesterol transporters are likely to play a role in this process will be discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Cognitive dysfunctions in chronic cocaine users
Get PDFAfter nearly three decades of research, there is still no clarity on the causal relationship between chronic cocaine use and cognitive functioning. However, the current literature consistently suggests that broad cognitive impairments occur in not only dependent cocaine users but also recreational cocaine users, with impairments involving attention, working memory declarative memory and executive functions. Moreover, it was recently shown that chronic cocaine users exhibit specific deficits in socio-cognitive abilities, which very likely contribute to the social dysfunctions that occur in their daily lives. Correlation analyses and initial longitudinal studies indicate that most cognitive deficits are at least partially cocaine-induced. Accordingly, there is also some evidence regarding the recovery of cognitive functions in decreasing and long-term abstinent users
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Adult height prediction models
No full textWe review seven methods for adult height prediction (AHP) based on bone age, ranging from the Bayley–Pinneau method, published in 1952, to the BoneXpert method, published in 2009. These models are based on four different methods for bone age assessment including Greulich–Pyle, Tanner–Whitehouse, Fels, and the automated BoneXpert method. The aim of this chapter is to convey an understanding of the various parameters which contribute to AHP and how to best incorporate them into the AHP methods. The starting point is the Bayley–Pinneau method which predicts the fraction of adult height achieved from the bone age. Children with advanced bone age (early maturers) tend to have a stronger growth spurt, and late maturers have a weaker growth spurt. Accordingly, Bayley and Pinneau provided special AHP tables for early, average, and late maturers. The other five AHP methods reviewed are the three variants of the Tanner–Whitehouse method, TW Mark I (1975), TW Mark II (1983), and TW3 (2001), and the RWT methods of 1975 and 1993. They all model the expected adult height of children at each age using a linear model of height and bone age, and for the RWT models, also by using terms with midparental height and body weight. The main shortcoming of these models is that the linear bone age dependence is unable to describe children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty or precocious puberty. The recently developed automated BoneXpert method improves the Bayley–Pinneau method by modelling the growth potential (the fraction of adult height left to grow) as a non-linear function of two variables, bone age and bone age delay. The BoneXpert AHP method was based on the original images from the First Zürich Longitudinal Study and was subsequently validated on the more recent Third Zürich Longitudinal Study of 198 Swiss children. An additional validation study on 164 Danish children is also presented. The main advantage of the BoneXpert method is that it is based on an automated bone age which removes rater variability
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