1,720,961 research outputs found
Adsorption of acetic acid on activated carbon in column
No full textAdsorpcija je industrijski važan separacijski proces koji se opisuje transportom atoma, iona ili molekula fluida do krutine velike specifične površine, i potom, selektivnim vezanjem za nju. Adsorpcija je od velikog značaja baš zbog selektivnosti vezanja tvari iz fluida jer će se na taj način ukloniti neželjena tvar iz produkta ili će se željena koncentrirati. U ovom je procesu adsorbat tvar koja će se vezati na površinu, a adsorbens krutina na koju će se tvar vezati. Jedan od najkorištenijih adsorbensa je aktivni ugljen, a takav status ima, između ostalog, zbog svoje velike specifične površine i niske cijene koštanja, a zbog svoje nepolarne površine pogodan je za adsorpciju nepolarnih organskih molekula iz vode. Cilj ovog rada je razmatranje kako protok, koncentracija i visina stupca granuliranog aktivnog ugljena (GAC) utječu na adsorpciju otopine octene kiseline na aktivni ugljen u koloni. Provedena je šaržna adsorpcija kako bi se dobila Freundlich-ova adsorpcijska izoterma, a potom se provodio eksperiment u koloni s kontinuiranim protokom i fiksnim slojem granuliranog aktivnog ugljena. Rezultati eksperimenta prikazani su krivuljama proboja, odnosno grafičkom ovisnošću omjera početne i koncentracije na izlazu iz kolone o volumenu obrađene otopine, te njihovom međusobnom usporedbom. Iz dobivenih rezultata moglo se zaključiti da povoljan utjecaj na adsorpciju ima porast koncentracije, visine kolone i protoka.Adsorption is a separation process of high importance for industry, and is described as ion, atom or fluid molecule transport to the surface of solid material with high specific surface area, and selectively bonding to it. The main reason why this process is so important is due to its selectivity for binding from fluids. That way it is possible to remove unwanted chemical substances from products or to concentrate wanted substances. In this process, adsorbat is the substance that will bond to surface, and adsorbent is solid material on whose surface will it bond. One of the most used adsorbents is active carbon, and that is due to its high surface area and low cost. Activated carbon is suitable for adsorption of nonpolar organic compounds from water due to its nonpolar surface. In this research, the main goal was to observe the impact of flow rate, concentration and height of granulated active carbon (GAC) on adsorption of acetic acid from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption has been done and so provided Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Afterwards, continuous adsorption process was performed in column with active carbon. Results are given as breakthrough curves, or precisely, by graphical dependency of ratio of inflow and outflow concentration and the volume of the outlet solution, and their comparison. Given results show favorable influence of higher concentration, larger amount of active carbon, and bigger flow rate
Synthesis of highly porouse calcium silicate ceramics
No full textUočavanjem nedostataka do sada korištenih konvencionalnih metoda liječenja koštanih defekata te metoda priprava okosnica, nametnula se potreba razvoja novih materijala koji bi potaknuli samoobnovu, odnosno regeneraciju kosti. Cilj inženjerstva koštanog tkiva je pronaći biomaterijal strukturno i kemijski sličan prirodnom koštanom tkivu, te istražiti najpogodnije metode priprave okosnica na temelju takvoga materijala. Kako bi neka okosnica mogla biti korištena u inženjerstvu koštanog tkiva, mora biti pogodna za nasađivanje stanica, oponašati poroznu mikrostrukturu prirodne kosti, imati mogućnost razgradnje pri tjelesnim uvjetima i pri tome poticati regeneraciju tkiva te imati odgovarajuća mehanička svojstva kako bi služila kao potporanj okolnom tkivu. Istraživanja su pokazala kako kalcij fosfati pripravljeni iz biogenog izvora (koralji, školjke, ljuske jaja, sipe i sl.) pokazuju svojstva slična prirodnoj kosti. Naime, anorganska faza prirodnog koštanog tkiva građena je od nestehiometrijskog hidroksiapatita supstituiranog karbonatnim (CO32-) ionima s manjkom kalcijevih (Ca2+) iona. Nadalje, na mjestu Ca2+ iona prisutne su supstitucije stroncijem, magnezijem, cinkom, natrijem, kalijem i dr. Biogeni prekursori u svojoj strukturi sadrže navedene elemente u tragovima, te su stoga poželjni u sintezi materijala za obnovu koštanog tkiva jer potiču diferencijaciju matičnih stanica u osteoblaste i vaskularizaciju okosnice. Do danas su provedena mnoga istraživanja o ulozi silicija u regeneraciji koštanog tkiva. Uočena je njegova važna uloga u procesu osteogeneze te povezivanju lančanih molekula izvanstanične matrice. U eksperimentalnom dijelu istraživanja, pripravljeni su uzorci hidroksiapatita (HAp) iz sipine kosti (aragonit, CaCO3) uz prisutnost fosfatnih iona (PO43-), hidrotermalnom metodom. Potom su uzorci impregnirani (3-aminopropil)trietoksisilanom (APTES) kao izvorom silicija na dva različita načina; (i) uzastopna impregnacija te toplinska obrada pri 1000 °C, (ii) impregnacija te toplinska obrada pri 1000 °C nakon svake impregnacije. Pripravljeni uzorci karakterizirani su pomoću rendgenske difrakcijske analize, Rietveldove metode utočnjavanja pomoću računalnog programa DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0., infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom te elektronske pretražne mikroskopije. Nakon sinteze HAp-a hidrotermalnom metodom, porozna mikrostruktura sipine kosti ostala je očuvana. Impregnacijom APTES-a u visokoporoznu strukturu HAp-a te toplinskom obradom tako pripremljenih uzoraka, dolazi do nastajanja novih kalcij silikatnih faza, volastonita i larnita, te do nastajanja amorfne faze.It has been previously noticed that currently used conventional methods for bone defects regeneration and synthesis of scaffolds do not meet current needs in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new materials that could promote bone regeneration. The main goal of BTE is to find biomaterial that structurally and chemically resembles natural bone and to develop novel methods for its synthesis. If a biomaterial is to be used in BTE, it has to meet certain requirements; it must promote cell adhesion, resemble the microporous structure of natural bone tissue, biodegrade when immersed in body fluids, promote regeneration and have required mechanical properties in order to support surrounding tissue. Research has shown that calcium phosphates synthesised from biological sources (corals, oysters, cuttlefish, etc.) better resemble natural bone tissue. Natural bone consists of nonstoichiometric carbonated hydroxyapatite that is calcium deficient, and materials from biological sources are a source of substitutional ions, essential for promotion osteogenesis and allowing normal function of the tissue. Numerous studies are focused on the investigation of silicon and silicate ion substitution due to its important role in extracellular matrix formation and osteogenesis. In the experimental part, samples were prepared by cutting cuttlefish bone into small pieces and hydrothermally converting them into hydroxyapatite with the presence of phosphate ions. Afterward, samples were (i) continuously impregnated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and finally heat-treated at 1000 °C and (ii) impregnated and heat-treated after each impregnation at 1000 °C. Further, samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, while Rietveld's refinement was carried out in software DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0 to quantitatively analyse present phases. The results have shown that the hydrothermal method converted aragonite into hydroxyapatite while the microporous structure was preserved. Impregnation with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and thermal treatment caused the formation of silicate phases; larnite and wollastonite. A great amount of silicon was concentrated in form of an amorphous layer on the surface of samples
Adsorption of acetic acid on activated carbon in column
No full textAdsorpcija je industrijski važan separacijski proces koji se opisuje transportom atoma, iona ili molekula fluida do krutine velike specifične površine, i potom, selektivnim vezanjem za nju. Adsorpcija je od velikog značaja baš zbog selektivnosti vezanja tvari iz fluida jer će se na taj način ukloniti neželjena tvar iz produkta ili će se željena koncentrirati. U ovom je procesu adsorbat tvar koja će se vezati na površinu, a adsorbens krutina na koju će se tvar vezati. Jedan od najkorištenijih adsorbensa je aktivni ugljen, a takav status ima, između ostalog, zbog svoje velike specifične površine i niske cijene koštanja, a zbog svoje nepolarne površine pogodan je za adsorpciju nepolarnih organskih molekula iz vode. Cilj ovog rada je razmatranje kako protok, koncentracija i visina stupca granuliranog aktivnog ugljena (GAC) utječu na adsorpciju otopine octene kiseline na aktivni ugljen u koloni. Provedena je šaržna adsorpcija kako bi se dobila Freundlich-ova adsorpcijska izoterma, a potom se provodio eksperiment u koloni s kontinuiranim protokom i fiksnim slojem granuliranog aktivnog ugljena. Rezultati eksperimenta prikazani su krivuljama proboja, odnosno grafičkom ovisnošću omjera početne i koncentracije na izlazu iz kolone o volumenu obrađene otopine, te njihovom međusobnom usporedbom. Iz dobivenih rezultata moglo se zaključiti da povoljan utjecaj na adsorpciju ima porast koncentracije, visine kolone i protoka.Adsorption is a separation process of high importance for industry, and is described as ion, atom or fluid molecule transport to the surface of solid material with high specific surface area, and selectively bonding to it. The main reason why this process is so important is due to its selectivity for binding from fluids. That way it is possible to remove unwanted chemical substances from products or to concentrate wanted substances. In this process, adsorbat is the substance that will bond to surface, and adsorbent is solid material on whose surface will it bond. One of the most used adsorbents is active carbon, and that is due to its high surface area and low cost. Activated carbon is suitable for adsorption of nonpolar organic compounds from water due to its nonpolar surface. In this research, the main goal was to observe the impact of flow rate, concentration and height of granulated active carbon (GAC) on adsorption of acetic acid from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption has been done and so provided Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Afterwards, continuous adsorption process was performed in column with active carbon. Results are given as breakthrough curves, or precisely, by graphical dependency of ratio of inflow and outflow concentration and the volume of the outlet solution, and their comparison. Given results show favorable influence of higher concentration, larger amount of active carbon, and bigger flow rate
Synthesis of highly porouse calcium silicate ceramics
No full textUočavanjem nedostataka do sada korištenih konvencionalnih metoda liječenja koštanih defekata te metoda priprava okosnica, nametnula se potreba razvoja novih materijala koji bi potaknuli samoobnovu, odnosno regeneraciju kosti. Cilj inženjerstva koštanog tkiva je pronaći biomaterijal strukturno i kemijski sličan prirodnom koštanom tkivu, te istražiti najpogodnije metode priprave okosnica na temelju takvoga materijala. Kako bi neka okosnica mogla biti korištena u inženjerstvu koštanog tkiva, mora biti pogodna za nasađivanje stanica, oponašati poroznu mikrostrukturu prirodne kosti, imati mogućnost razgradnje pri tjelesnim uvjetima i pri tome poticati regeneraciju tkiva te imati odgovarajuća mehanička svojstva kako bi služila kao potporanj okolnom tkivu. Istraživanja su pokazala kako kalcij fosfati pripravljeni iz biogenog izvora (koralji, školjke, ljuske jaja, sipe i sl.) pokazuju svojstva slična prirodnoj kosti. Naime, anorganska faza prirodnog koštanog tkiva građena je od nestehiometrijskog hidroksiapatita supstituiranog karbonatnim (CO32-) ionima s manjkom kalcijevih (Ca2+) iona. Nadalje, na mjestu Ca2+ iona prisutne su supstitucije stroncijem, magnezijem, cinkom, natrijem, kalijem i dr. Biogeni prekursori u svojoj strukturi sadrže navedene elemente u tragovima, te su stoga poželjni u sintezi materijala za obnovu koštanog tkiva jer potiču diferencijaciju matičnih stanica u osteoblaste i vaskularizaciju okosnice. Do danas su provedena mnoga istraživanja o ulozi silicija u regeneraciji koštanog tkiva. Uočena je njegova važna uloga u procesu osteogeneze te povezivanju lančanih molekula izvanstanične matrice. U eksperimentalnom dijelu istraživanja, pripravljeni su uzorci hidroksiapatita (HAp) iz sipine kosti (aragonit, CaCO3) uz prisutnost fosfatnih iona (PO43-), hidrotermalnom metodom. Potom su uzorci impregnirani (3-aminopropil)trietoksisilanom (APTES) kao izvorom silicija na dva različita načina; (i) uzastopna impregnacija te toplinska obrada pri 1000 °C, (ii) impregnacija te toplinska obrada pri 1000 °C nakon svake impregnacije. Pripravljeni uzorci karakterizirani su pomoću rendgenske difrakcijske analize, Rietveldove metode utočnjavanja pomoću računalnog programa DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0., infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom te elektronske pretražne mikroskopije. Nakon sinteze HAp-a hidrotermalnom metodom, porozna mikrostruktura sipine kosti ostala je očuvana. Impregnacijom APTES-a u visokoporoznu strukturu HAp-a te toplinskom obradom tako pripremljenih uzoraka, dolazi do nastajanja novih kalcij silikatnih faza, volastonita i larnita, te do nastajanja amorfne faze.It has been previously noticed that currently used conventional methods for bone defects regeneration and synthesis of scaffolds do not meet current needs in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new materials that could promote bone regeneration. The main goal of BTE is to find biomaterial that structurally and chemically resembles natural bone and to develop novel methods for its synthesis. If a biomaterial is to be used in BTE, it has to meet certain requirements; it must promote cell adhesion, resemble the microporous structure of natural bone tissue, biodegrade when immersed in body fluids, promote regeneration and have required mechanical properties in order to support surrounding tissue. Research has shown that calcium phosphates synthesised from biological sources (corals, oysters, cuttlefish, etc.) better resemble natural bone tissue. Natural bone consists of nonstoichiometric carbonated hydroxyapatite that is calcium deficient, and materials from biological sources are a source of substitutional ions, essential for promotion osteogenesis and allowing normal function of the tissue. Numerous studies are focused on the investigation of silicon and silicate ion substitution due to its important role in extracellular matrix formation and osteogenesis. In the experimental part, samples were prepared by cutting cuttlefish bone into small pieces and hydrothermally converting them into hydroxyapatite with the presence of phosphate ions. Afterward, samples were (i) continuously impregnated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and finally heat-treated at 1000 °C and (ii) impregnated and heat-treated after each impregnation at 1000 °C. Further, samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, while Rietveld's refinement was carried out in software DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0 to quantitatively analyse present phases. The results have shown that the hydrothermal method converted aragonite into hydroxyapatite while the microporous structure was preserved. Impregnation with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and thermal treatment caused the formation of silicate phases; larnite and wollastonite. A great amount of silicon was concentrated in form of an amorphous layer on the surface of samples
Synthesis of highly porouse calcium silicate ceramics
No full textUočavanjem nedostataka do sada korištenih konvencionalnih metoda liječenja koštanih defekata te metoda priprava okosnica, nametnula se potreba razvoja novih materijala koji bi potaknuli samoobnovu, odnosno regeneraciju kosti. Cilj inženjerstva koštanog tkiva je pronaći biomaterijal strukturno i kemijski sličan prirodnom koštanom tkivu, te istražiti najpogodnije metode priprave okosnica na temelju takvoga materijala. Kako bi neka okosnica mogla biti korištena u inženjerstvu koštanog tkiva, mora biti pogodna za nasađivanje stanica, oponašati poroznu mikrostrukturu prirodne kosti, imati mogućnost razgradnje pri tjelesnim uvjetima i pri tome poticati regeneraciju tkiva te imati odgovarajuća mehanička svojstva kako bi služila kao potporanj okolnom tkivu. Istraživanja su pokazala kako kalcij fosfati pripravljeni iz biogenog izvora (koralji, školjke, ljuske jaja, sipe i sl.) pokazuju svojstva slična prirodnoj kosti. Naime, anorganska faza prirodnog koštanog tkiva građena je od nestehiometrijskog hidroksiapatita supstituiranog karbonatnim (CO32-) ionima s manjkom kalcijevih (Ca2+) iona. Nadalje, na mjestu Ca2+ iona prisutne su supstitucije stroncijem, magnezijem, cinkom, natrijem, kalijem i dr. Biogeni prekursori u svojoj strukturi sadrže navedene elemente u tragovima, te su stoga poželjni u sintezi materijala za obnovu koštanog tkiva jer potiču diferencijaciju matičnih stanica u osteoblaste i vaskularizaciju okosnice. Do danas su provedena mnoga istraživanja o ulozi silicija u regeneraciji koštanog tkiva. Uočena je njegova važna uloga u procesu osteogeneze te povezivanju lančanih molekula izvanstanične matrice. U eksperimentalnom dijelu istraživanja, pripravljeni su uzorci hidroksiapatita (HAp) iz sipine kosti (aragonit, CaCO3) uz prisutnost fosfatnih iona (PO43-), hidrotermalnom metodom. Potom su uzorci impregnirani (3-aminopropil)trietoksisilanom (APTES) kao izvorom silicija na dva različita načina; (i) uzastopna impregnacija te toplinska obrada pri 1000 °C, (ii) impregnacija te toplinska obrada pri 1000 °C nakon svake impregnacije. Pripravljeni uzorci karakterizirani su pomoću rendgenske difrakcijske analize, Rietveldove metode utočnjavanja pomoću računalnog programa DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0., infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom te elektronske pretražne mikroskopije. Nakon sinteze HAp-a hidrotermalnom metodom, porozna mikrostruktura sipine kosti ostala je očuvana. Impregnacijom APTES-a u visokoporoznu strukturu HAp-a te toplinskom obradom tako pripremljenih uzoraka, dolazi do nastajanja novih kalcij silikatnih faza, volastonita i larnita, te do nastajanja amorfne faze.It has been previously noticed that currently used conventional methods for bone defects regeneration and synthesis of scaffolds do not meet current needs in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new materials that could promote bone regeneration. The main goal of BTE is to find biomaterial that structurally and chemically resembles natural bone and to develop novel methods for its synthesis. If a biomaterial is to be used in BTE, it has to meet certain requirements; it must promote cell adhesion, resemble the microporous structure of natural bone tissue, biodegrade when immersed in body fluids, promote regeneration and have required mechanical properties in order to support surrounding tissue. Research has shown that calcium phosphates synthesised from biological sources (corals, oysters, cuttlefish, etc.) better resemble natural bone tissue. Natural bone consists of nonstoichiometric carbonated hydroxyapatite that is calcium deficient, and materials from biological sources are a source of substitutional ions, essential for promotion osteogenesis and allowing normal function of the tissue. Numerous studies are focused on the investigation of silicon and silicate ion substitution due to its important role in extracellular matrix formation and osteogenesis. In the experimental part, samples were prepared by cutting cuttlefish bone into small pieces and hydrothermally converting them into hydroxyapatite with the presence of phosphate ions. Afterward, samples were (i) continuously impregnated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and finally heat-treated at 1000 °C and (ii) impregnated and heat-treated after each impregnation at 1000 °C. Further, samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, while Rietveld's refinement was carried out in software DIFFRAC.SUITE TOPAS V.5.0 to quantitatively analyse present phases. The results have shown that the hydrothermal method converted aragonite into hydroxyapatite while the microporous structure was preserved. Impregnation with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and thermal treatment caused the formation of silicate phases; larnite and wollastonite. A great amount of silicon was concentrated in form of an amorphous layer on the surface of samples
Adsorption of acetic acid on activated carbon in column
No full textAdsorpcija je industrijski važan separacijski proces koji se opisuje transportom atoma, iona ili molekula fluida do krutine velike specifične površine, i potom, selektivnim vezanjem za nju. Adsorpcija je od velikog značaja baš zbog selektivnosti vezanja tvari iz fluida jer će se na taj način ukloniti neželjena tvar iz produkta ili će se željena koncentrirati. U ovom je procesu adsorbat tvar koja će se vezati na površinu, a adsorbens krutina na koju će se tvar vezati. Jedan od najkorištenijih adsorbensa je aktivni ugljen, a takav status ima, između ostalog, zbog svoje velike specifične površine i niske cijene koštanja, a zbog svoje nepolarne površine pogodan je za adsorpciju nepolarnih organskih molekula iz vode. Cilj ovog rada je razmatranje kako protok, koncentracija i visina stupca granuliranog aktivnog ugljena (GAC) utječu na adsorpciju otopine octene kiseline na aktivni ugljen u koloni. Provedena je šaržna adsorpcija kako bi se dobila Freundlich-ova adsorpcijska izoterma, a potom se provodio eksperiment u koloni s kontinuiranim protokom i fiksnim slojem granuliranog aktivnog ugljena. Rezultati eksperimenta prikazani su krivuljama proboja, odnosno grafičkom ovisnošću omjera početne i koncentracije na izlazu iz kolone o volumenu obrađene otopine, te njihovom međusobnom usporedbom. Iz dobivenih rezultata moglo se zaključiti da povoljan utjecaj na adsorpciju ima porast koncentracije, visine kolone i protoka.Adsorption is a separation process of high importance for industry, and is described as ion, atom or fluid molecule transport to the surface of solid material with high specific surface area, and selectively bonding to it. The main reason why this process is so important is due to its selectivity for binding from fluids. That way it is possible to remove unwanted chemical substances from products or to concentrate wanted substances. In this process, adsorbat is the substance that will bond to surface, and adsorbent is solid material on whose surface will it bond. One of the most used adsorbents is active carbon, and that is due to its high surface area and low cost. Activated carbon is suitable for adsorption of nonpolar organic compounds from water due to its nonpolar surface. In this research, the main goal was to observe the impact of flow rate, concentration and height of granulated active carbon (GAC) on adsorption of acetic acid from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption has been done and so provided Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Afterwards, continuous adsorption process was performed in column with active carbon. Results are given as breakthrough curves, or precisely, by graphical dependency of ratio of inflow and outflow concentration and the volume of the outlet solution, and their comparison. Given results show favorable influence of higher concentration, larger amount of active carbon, and bigger flow rate
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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