1,722,141 research outputs found
KETUHANAN DALAM PRATHIMA HINDU AGAMA
No full textPraktek keagamaan agama Hindu masih belum sesuai dengan apa yang ada di Kitab suci mereka yaitu Kitab Weda Yajur-Ved, Bab 32 doa 3 yang mengatakan "Na Tasya Prathima Asti", Tuhan itu tidak memiliki prathima. Tidak memiliki rupa, tidak memiliki lukisan, tidak memiliki gambar, tidak memiliki Arca, tidak memiliki patung. Misalnya saja masih ada yang menyembah Tuhan dengan perantara patung, arca, hiasan, dan masih banyak yang lain. Apakah yang menjadi penyebab dangkalnya iman seorang pemeluk agama Hindu, dikarenakan mereka tidak memahami dan mendalami kitab suci mereka. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk menjawabnya.
Berdasarkan dari masalah di atas, permasalahan tentang Prathima sangat penting untuk dibahas, karena memang tidak sesuai dengan kitab suci agama Hindu sendiri, yaitu Kitab Weda. Peneliti bertujuan untuk mengetahui inti permasalahan dari masyarakat Hindu yang menyembah Prathima untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Sang Pencipta.
Dalam penulisan ini, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan normatif yaitu suatu pendekatan agama Islam yang memandang ajarannya dari buku-buku dan kitab suci Agama Hindu, dari pendekatan tersebut merupakan bagian dari kajian pustaka yaitu kajian yang bersumber pada buku yang berkaitan dengan Prathima dalam Agama Hindu. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan Metode Deskriptif dan Metode Kritik untuk mengkritik tradisi masyarakat agama Hindu untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Sang Pencipta yang tidak sesuai dengan Kitab Suci Weda.
Dari pembahasan ini, peneliti menemukan bahwa dalam Agama Hindu terdapat dua macam pihak yang berbeda argumen yaitu, orang soleh yang mendalami kitab Veda dan menyebarkan ajaran-ajaran agama Hindu kepada masyarakat umum tidak memerlukan prathima atau patung dalam menyembah Sang Hyang Widhi (Tuhan), dan orang awam yang belum memahami ajaran-ajaran Agama Hindu memerlukan prathima atau patung dalam menyembah Sang Hyang Widhi (Tuhan) padahal dalam Ajaran kitab Weda sendiri telah menjelaskan bahwa Tuhan itu tidak memiliki prathima. Tidak memiliki rupa, tidak memiliki lukisan, tidak memiliki gambar, tidak memiliki Arca, dan tidak membutuhkan patung dalam penyembahan Sang Hyang Widhi
Akhirnya, dari kajian yang masih sangat umum serta dipenuhi berbagai macam kekurangan, seperti mulai dari kapan umat Agama Hindu mulai menyembah Prathima untuk mendekatkan diri dengan Sang Hyang Widhi (Tuhan) yang belum sempat dibahas oleh peneliti. Dengan ini peneliti berharap adanya koreksian serta masukan yang mungkin mampu menjadikan penelitian ini lebih baik, harapannya dari penelitian ini dapat membantu penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya
Synthesis and evaluation of phosphoramide mustard prodrugs for site-specific activation
No full textAdvanced cancers after metastasis need to be treated systemically using chemotherapy or radiation, which are often associated with debilitating side effects. To improve the selectivity of the chemotherapeutic agents and reduce systemic toxicity, prodrugs with tumor targeted activation mechanisms are being developed. Efforts in this project were focused on designing phosphoramide mustard analogues incorporating two types of tumor-specific activation mechanisms: one by the reductive activation mechanism by Escherichia coli nitroreductase and the other by the proteolytic activation mechanism by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer cells. 5-Nitropyridyl-2-methyl phosphoramide mustard was designed and synthesized to be a substrate of E. coli nitroreductase. In cell culture assays it showed an IC50 value of 9 nM in Chinese hamster V79 cells transfected to express E. coli nitroreductase as compared to 75 ;M in the control V79 cells that do not express E. coli nitroreductase. These results suggest that 5-nitropyridyl-2-methyl phosphoramide mustard is a good candidate for use in combination with nitroreductase for enzyme prodrug therapy. For proteolytic activation by (PSA) in prostate cancer cells, we designed a peptide conjugate by linking a substrate peptide sequence to phosphoramide mustard through a flexible linker that can be modified to better accommodate the unique structural requirements for binding to and catalysis by the target enzyme and thus improve the tumor selectivity of phosphoramide mustard. Pyridine was introduced to modulate the electron-density, to optimize the stability and rate of 1,6-elimination upon proteolytic cleavage. A new set of conditions were developed for selenocarboxylate/azide amidation reaction in order to avoid the use of unstable basic nuclephilic amine intermediates during the synthesis of the peptide conjugated analogue. Under the new amidation conditions, the half-life of the selenocarboxylate was increased by 27-fold at room temperature as compared to the previous amidation method using DMSO as a co-solvent. Excellent yields were obtained with electron-deficient azides and much improved yields were obtained with electron-rich azides upon mild heating. The peptide conjugate, glutaryl-Hyp-Ala-Ser-Chg-Gln-NH-pyridyl-2-methyl phosphoramide mustard, was successfully synthesized using our new amidation strategy and was found to be stable with a half-life >5 days at pH 7.4 and 8.0. It was shown to be a good substrate for PSA with a half-life of 46.8 min at an enzyme/substrate molar ratio of 1/100. However, the peptide conjugate did not show any selective toxicity towards PSA-expressing LNCaP cells with IC50 values of 209 ;M and 204 ;M against PSA-expressing LNCaP and non-PSA-expressing DU 145 cell lines, respectively. The low cytotoxicity against LNCaP cells may be due to the inability of the released species to penetrate the tumor membranes. Further studies are underway to identify the activated species released and to design approaches to improve its membrane permeability.M.S.Includes abstractIncludes bibliographical referencesby Prathima Surabh
Extramedullary Relapse of Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APL) at an Unusual Site (External Auditory Canal)
No full textThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
© 2025 The Author(s). eJHaem published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Supplementary_Figure_1 - Proteomic Analysis Identifies Tenascin-C Expression Is Upregulated in Uterine Fibroids
No full textSupplementary_Figure_1 for Proteomic Analysis Identifies Tenascin-C Expression Is Upregulated in Uterine Fibroids by M. Fairuz B. Jamaluddin, Prathima B. Nagendra, Pravin Nahar, Christopher Oldmeadow, and Pradeep S. Tanwar in Reproductive Sciences</p
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