5 research outputs found
Pra-Desain Pabrik Biodiesel Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Metanol dengan Metode Ester-Transesterifikasi dengan Kapasitas 460.000 kL/Tahun
No full textPra Desain Pabrik Biodiesel dari Crude Palm Oil ini dilakukan melalui proses esterifikasi dan transestrifikasi. Pabrik Biodiesel berkapasitas 460.000 kL/tahun ini direncanakan beroperasi sepanjang 330 hari per tahun. Pabrik ini diharapkan akan menghasilkan biodiesel untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ekspor dan dalam negeri. Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam pembuatan pabrik biodiesel adalah crude palm oil (CPO) dan metanol. Pabrik ini direncanakan akan dibangun di Kawasan Industri Tanjung Buton, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau. Hal ini memberikan kemudahan terhadap transportasi bahan baku dan produk akhir karena pasar untuk kedua produk sudah tersedia secara lokal. Esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi akan dilakukan pada suhu 60oC dan pada tekanan 1 atm menggunakan reaktor alir tangki berpengaduk dengan tingkat konversi reaksi 96% dan 98,5%. Dari studi evaluasi ekonomi pabrik ini, disimpulkan bahwa didapatkan penaksiran modal (CAPEX) sebesar Rp 759.071.381.776; biaya operasional (OPEX) sebesar Rp 6.640.239.068.924. Berdasarkan Analisis ekonomi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik biodiesel dengan kapasitas 460.000 kL/tahun layak untuk didirikan secara ekonomis. Berdasarkan analisis ekonomi terhadap pabrik ini menunjukkan laju pengembalian modal (IRR) didapatkan sebesar 96,37% dengan bunga pinjaman 8,62% per tahun. Waktu pengembalian modal (POT) selama 1 tahun 3 bulan. Nilai Break Even Point (BEP) sebesar 14.17%. Dari data Analisis kelayakan di atas disimpulkan bahwa pabrik ini menguntungkan dan layak untuk didirikan.
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The predesign of the Biodiesel Plant from Crude Palm Oil was carried out through esterification and transestrification processes. The Biodiesel plant with a capacity of 460,000 kL/year is planned to operate for 330 days per year. The factory is expected to produce biodiesel to meet domestic and export needs. The raw materials used in the manufacture of biodiesel plants are crude palm oil (CPO) and methanol. This factory is planned to be built in the Tanjung Buton Industrial Area, Siak Regency, Riau Province. This provides convenience for the transportation of raw materials and final products because markets for both products are available locally. Esterification and transesterification will be carried out at a temperature of 60oC and at a pressure of 1 atm using a stirred tank flow reactor with reaction conversion rates of 96% and 98.5%. From this factory economic evaluation study, it was concluded that the estimated capital (CAPEX) was IDR 759.071.381.776; operational costs (OPEX) of IDR 6.640.239.068.924. Based on the economic analysis, it can be concluded that a biodiesel plant with a capacity of 460,000 kL/year is economically feasible to build. Based on the economic analysis of this factory, the rate of return on investment (IRR) was obtained at 93,67% with a loan interest of 8.62% per year. Payback period (POT) for 1 years 3 months. The Break-Even Point (BEP) value is 14.17%. From the feasibility analysis data above, it is concluded that this factory is profitable and feasible to establish
The Influence Of Parental Supervision On Children's Association In Sma X
No full textMan cannot live alone. Likewise with children who attend High School X.
They have to hang out to find their friends during school days. Not free from
responsibility, parents must alpervise their children so that their association
leads to the good not the bad. The author wants to research about parental
supervision of children's associations. Do parents influence the association
of a child. The formula technique that the author will use to respondents for
this study is to use the Guttman Scale formula/technique. The Guttman scale
technique provides only two answer choices, “yes” and “no”, so respondents'
answers look more concrete. After being studied, it turns out that the
influence of parental supervision greatly affects the way children get along
at SMA X. The author has researched by distributing questionnaires to 30
children at SMA X who are suspected of having bad associations. After the
author researched, it was proven that all the questions that the author spread
were influential. Which means that it is true that parental supervision affects
the way children get along. Children who lack parental attention cause their
association to be bad. From parenting, communication, and learning patterns
provided by parents. From this study, it can be concluded that parental
supervision has an influence on children's associations. Parents have an
important role in supervising and nurturing their children, so as not to fall
into bad associations
The Influence Of Parental Supervision On Children's Association In Sma X
No full textMan cannot live alone. Likewise with children who attend High School X.
They have to hang out to find their friends during school days. Not free from
responsibility, parents must alpervise their children so that their association
leads to the good not the bad. The author wants to research about parental
supervision of children's associations. Do parents influence the association
of a child. The formula technique that the author will use to respondents for
this study is to use the Guttman Scale formula/technique. The Guttman scale
technique provides only two answer choices, “yes” and “no”, so respondents'
answers look more concrete. After being studied, it turns out that the
influence of parental supervision greatly affects the way children get along
at SMA X. The author has researched by distributing questionnaires to 30
children at SMA X who are suspected of having bad associations. After the
author researched, it was proven that all the questions that the author spread
were influential. Which means that it is true that parental supervision affects
the way children get along. Children who lack parental attention cause their
association to be bad. From parenting, communication, and learning patterns
provided by parents. From this study, it can be concluded that parental
supervision has an influence on children's associations. Parents have an
important role in supervising and nurturing their children, so as not to fall
into bad associations
KEHIDUPAN NYAI DI JAWA BARAT : KAJIAN HISTORIS PADA TAHUN 1900-1942
Full text linkSkripsi ini berjudul “Kehidupan Nyai di Jawa Barat : Kajian Historis Pada Tahun 1900-1942” yang mengkaji tentang kedudukan perempuan pada masa kolonial di Jawa Barat yang banyak melakukan praktik pergundikan sebagai salah satu cara untuk menopang kehidupan keluarga. Pergundikan tidak hanya dilakukan oleh penguasa daerah asal Pribumi saja tapi juga dilakukan oleh pegawai perusahaan swasta asal Belanda. Latar belakang penulis melakukan penelitian terhadap permasalahan ini ialah karena penulis tertarik dengan kehidupan masyarakat Jawa Barat terutama perempuan yang menjadikan praktik pergundikan sebagai salah satu mata pencaharian untuk mendapatkan uang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah metode historis dengan mengkaji peninggalan-peninggalan masa lampau dan disajikan berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang ada. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur dengan menelusuri sumber kepustakaan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, penulis memperoleh temuan bahwa Nyai merupakan panggilan yang lumrah digunakan di daerah Jawa Barat untuk seorang perempuan, namun Nyai juga berarti panggilan bagi perempuan yang dinikah secara tidak resmi baik oleh pejabat daerah ataupun orang Eropa. Skripsi ini lebih menitik beratkan Nyai sebagai panggilan bagi perempuan yang merupakan istri tidak resmi atau simpanan. Tidak sedikit perempuan Pribumi yang menjadi Nyai dan melakukan aktivitas pergundikan karena salah satunya disebabkan oleh dorongan ekonomi yang semakin tinggi. Dalam pergundikan perempuan Pribumi tinggal bersama laki-laki Eropa yang telah dipilihnya untuk menjadi Nyai dalam satu rumah. Adapun dua macam hubungan pergundikan yang banyak dilakukan, yaitu hubungan resmi dan tidak resmi. Hubungan pergundikan resmi yaitu hubungan yang disahkan dalam pernikahan dan didaftarkan secara hukum pada pemerintahan Belanda. Nyai yang dinikahi secara resmi mendapatkan hak-hak sebagai istri sah pada umumnya seperti mendapatkan nafkah dari suaminya. Mereka juga mendapatkan perlakuan istimewa yaitu mereka diterima oleh warga Eropa lainnya yang ada di Hindia Belanda, mendapatkan pengakuan yang sah dan dilindungi oleh hukum. Anak yang lahirpun akan terdaftar dalam pemerintahan Belanda dan disamakan kedudukannya dengan warga Eropa. Hubungan yang tidak resmi yaitu hubungan pergundikan tidak didaftarkan pada pemerintahan Belanda sehingga Nyai maupun anak yang dilahirkan hasil dari hubungan itu tidak mendapatkan hak-hak nya seperti seorang istri sah dan anak kandung. Mereka juga tidak mendapatkan perlakuan istimewa bahkan mereka pun tidak mendapatkan pengakuan dari warga Eropa. Pergundikan tidak hanya terjadi dalam kehidupan pegawai sipil Belanda saja tapi juga pada kehidupan anggota militer di dalam tangsi. Umumnya pergundikan di dalam tangsi dilakukan dengan berganti-ganti pasangan karena anggota militer sering mendapat tugas berpindah-pindah tempat. Peneliti mengharapkan adanya penelitian lanjutan dari penelitian yang dilakukan. Mengingat adanya keterbatasan penelitian, khususnya kelemahan yang berkaitan dengan metode penelitian, teknik pengumpulan data, dan sampel yang terlibat.
The tittle of this thesis is " Kehidupan Nyai di Jawa Barat : Kajian Historis Pada Tahun 1900-1942" which discussed about West Javanese people, especially women who make concubinage as livelihood to earn income to fulfill their daily life. Concubinage was not only done by the local authorities of Indigenous origin, but also by the foreign people who worked on a companies from the Netherlands. the author was interested with the West Javanese people who made concubinage as a livelihood to earn income. The method of this study is the historical method and study of literature as the technique of tracing the sources. The author found that Nyai was a common call used in West Java for a women, but it also means for women who had unofficially relationship with the local authorities or the Europeans. This thesis more focused to Nyai as a call for women who did concubinage. Many women who became Nyai for the higher economic boost. Indigenous women lived in concubinage with European men who had chosen them to be Nyai. There are two kinds of concubinage relationship, the formal and informal relationship. Formal concubinage is legally marriage registered in the Dutch government. Nyai got rights as his wife. They also got special treatment from other Europeans in Hindia Belanda , and they were protected by law . the child from that relationship got the same rights and position with the European citizens . Unofficial relationship were not registered in the Dutch government. Nyai who did this relationship did not get rights as a legal wife. However, concubinage relationship has an impact on the spread of venereal disease among Europeans and indigenous but still many women who to be Nyai even though they knew about the impact. The author expect the continuation of a research study conducted
Effect of Sidoarjo Mud Inoculant and Bacillus subtilis on The Degradation of Tofu Liquid Waste in Microbial Fuel Cell Continuous Series Reactors
Full text linkThe tofu industry in Indonesia generates large amounts of liquid waste with high BOD and COD, causing significant environmental impact. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) offer a sustainable solution for treating organic waste while generating electricity. Effective treatment of tofu liquid waste is essential. This study explores the use of Sidoarjo mud and Bacillus subtilis as inoculants in MFC systems, integrated with an advanced reactor design for improved degradation of pollutants. A Continuous Series Reactor was employed, equipped with an auto dosing pump for precise substrate feeding, optimizing microbial activity. The system was monitored using an Arduino Mega data logger and an ESP01 module for remote data transmission. The effectiveness of Sidoarjo mud and Bacillus subtilis was tested by measuring BOD, COD, and protein removal, with different inoculant combinations compared to a control group. The control group achieved BOD and COD removal rates of 70.43% and 47.92%, respectively. Sidoarjo mud alone improved these to 94.30% and 91.84%, while combining Sidoarjo mud with Bacillus subtilis increased removal rates to 94.70% and 92.55%. Protein degradation also improved by 79.79% with Bacillus subtilis. Sidoarjo mud and Bacillus subtilis effectively enhance waste degradation in MFC systems, providing a sustainable solution for tofu waste treatment
