26 research outputs found
Conference report: Dhara - Vision Ayurveda 2047
No full textThe Dhara-Ayurveda 2047 conference was organized at the University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru on 23rd and September 24, 2022. This was a pioneering initiative of Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Ayush to raise public awareness about the contemporary relevance of India's medical heritage. The theme of the conference was to offer innovative approaches to strengthen and globalize Ayurveda by the year 2047 to commemorate 100th year of independence of India.More than 2000 delegates from academia and industries attended this event. This conference featured a range of components including insightful vision talks, educational exhibition, interactive practical sessions, innovation-focused competition, cultural programs, and health assessment program. Distinguished speakers shared their forward-looking perspectives on the future of Ayurveda in the year 2047 with respect to personalized nutrition, Ayurvedic healthcare, interdisciplinary medicine, AYUSH integration, Ayurvedic industry, and other related topics. The conference provided a platform for students to learn innovative approaches in Ayurveda and also awarded deserving winners for their ideas.Thus, Dhara-Ayurveda 2047 conference served as a valuable platform for sharing knowledge and exploring the future of Ayurveda in India across different disciplines related to Ayurveda like biomedical sciences and engineering, information technology, pharmaceutical sciences and folk healers to visualize Ayurveda in the year 2047
Multiphysics simulation of melt pool in laser powder bed fusion by coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics
No full textIn this work, a transient three-dimensional (3D) finite volume model has been developed to investigate the transport phenomena in the melt pool during selective laser melting of SS316L powders. A coupled thermal-fluid OpenFOAM® solver with the finite volume method is proposed. The model is capable of accounting for Multiphysics phenomena such as melting and solidification, phase change of the material, phase tracking, natural and Marangoni convection flow, convective and radiation heat loss, and recoil pressure due to evaporation. To account for the reflection of the laser beam within the powder bed the Fresnel model has been incorporated. A Discrete Element Method (DEM) based software package LIGGGHTS® has been used to simulate the powder bed generation process, which is then incorporated with OpenFOAM® to study the melt pool dynamics. The evolution of temperature in the melt pool and solidification, fluid flow within the melt pool due to Marangoni convection, and recoil pressure are studied as they greatly influence the metallurgical bonding between different layers and also govern the quality of the products. It was found that the localized heating causes a very high-temperature gradient in the domain due to which the top surface of the melt pool experiences Marangoni convection which makes the molten liquid flow away from the center. The effect of natural convection on the melt pool characteristics is negligible. Also, the evaporation of powder results in a recoil pressure which pushes the molten material inwards.M.S.Includes bibliographical reference
Ağız içinde periferik odontojenik fibromanın tedavisi
No full textAğız içinde periferik odontojenik fibromanın tedavisiGiriş: Periferik odontojenik fibroma,fibroblastik kökenli benign bir odontojenik neoplazmdır ve odontojenikepitelyum ile kollajen fibroz doku içerir. Bu lezyon, bağ dokusundan gelişir (1) . Bu vaka raporu, periferik odontojenik fibromanın başarılı birşekilde yönetimini sunmaktadır. Olgu: 55 yaşında sistemik sağlıklı erkek hasta, 1,5 yıldır sağ üst çene köpek dişi bölgesinde bir kitle şikayetiile kliniğimize başvurdu. Hastanın klinik muayenesinde, bölgede pedunkül(saplı) bir büyüme tespit edildi. İlk periodontal tedavinin ardından, kitleçıkarıldı ve patolojik olarak incelendi. Patolojikdeğerlendirme, odontojenik epitel artıkları arasında dentin ve sement benzerikalsifiye dokuların varlığını ortaya koydu. Bu nedenle, periferik odontojenik fibroma olarakteşhis edildi. Ameliyattan 1 ay sonra bölgede sağlıklı bir görünüm izlendi ve nükseden bir durum saptanmadı. Tartışma: Periferikodontojenik fibroma, odontojenik ektomezenşimden köken alan nadir görülenbenign bir tümördür. Literatürde genellikle kadınlarda ve hayatınikinci on yılında daha sık görüldüğü, ayrıca çoğunlukla mandibular(alt çene) bölgede yerleşim gösterdiği bildirilmektedir ADDIN EN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kenney</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>203</RecNum><DisplayText>(2)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>203</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN" db-id="zxz52apxt0s5deetdaq5t5tuzexazete9x5v"timestamp="1761554520">203</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kenney,Jeffrey N</author><author>Kaugars, GeorgeE</author><author>Abbey, LouisM</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparisonbetween the peripheral ossifying fibroma and peripheral odontogenicfibroma</title><secondary-title>Journal of oral and maxillofacialsurgery</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journalof oral and maxillofacial surgery</full-title></periodical><pages>378-382</pages><volume>47</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1989</year></dates><isbn>0278-2391</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(2). Klinik olarak lezyon, genellikle çevre yumuşak dokularla aynırenkte, ülserleşmemiş, ağrısız ve yavaş büyüyenbir kitle şeklinde izlenir. Bu klinik özellikler nedeniyle POF, fibrom,periferik ossifiye fibroma ve periferik dev hücreli granülom gibi diğer benigngingival lezyonlarla karışabilir. Bu nedenle, tanıda histopatolojik incelemeoldukça önemlidir ADDIN EN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Reddy</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>207</RecNum><DisplayText>(3)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>207</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN" db-id="zxz52apxt0s5deetdaq5t5tuzexazete9x5v"timestamp="1761555381">207</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reddy,Sasidhar V</author><author>Medikonda, SureshKumar</author><author>Konda,Amarnath</author><author>Natta,Sreelakshmi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Arare benign odontogenic neoplasm: peripheral odontogenicfibroma</title><secondary-title>CaseReports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CaseReports</full-title></periodical><pages>bcr2013201065</pages><volume>2014</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1757-790X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(3).Sonuç:Periferik odontojenik fibroma benign karakterde olmasına rağmen, cerrahieksizyondan sonra nüks etme potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu nedenle,tedavide tam cerrahi eksizyonun dikkatle yapılması ve hastalarındüzenli aralıklarla klinik takiplerinin sürdürülmesigerekmektedir ADDIN EN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hande</Author><Year>2024</Year><RecNum>201</RecNum><DisplayText>(1)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>201</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN" db-id="zxz52apxt0s5deetdaq5t5tuzexazete9x5v"timestamp="1761549759">201</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hande,Alka</author><author>Kalmegh, PadmashriP</author><author>Sonone, ArchanaM</author><author>Patil, SwatiK</author><author>Sharma, Preethi N</author><author>Pakhale,Aayushi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Peripheralodontogenic fibroma: A report of a rare case and review ofliterature</title><secondary-title>Cureus</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cureus</full-title></periodical><volume>16</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2024</year></dates><isbn>2168-8184</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(1). Erken tanı ve uygun cerrahi tedavi, lezyonun tekrarlama riskiniazaltmakta ve prognozu olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Anahtarkelimeler: periferal odontojenik fibroma, cerrahi eksizyon, ağız </p
Tongue as an identification tool in Forensic Odontology: Still a dilemma!
No full textTitle*
“Tongue as an identification tool in Forensic Odontology: Still a dilemma!”
Author list and affiliations*
1 Dr. Aayushi Pakhale, Assistant professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, “Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital”, “Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha” - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected] 9561169929. Orcid ID : 0000-0002-0529-3856
2 Dr. Alka Dive, Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. [email protected] 9822992622. Orcid ID : 0000-0003-3088-3847
3 Dr. Archana Sonone, Assistant professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, “Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital” , “Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha” - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected] 9145229353 Orcid ID : 0000-0001-9225-7919
4 Dr. Alka Hande, Professor and Head, “Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology”, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, “Sawangi (Meghe)”, Wardha - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected] 9226789200 Orcid ID: 0000-0002-8576-7897
5 Dr. Swati Patil, Associate professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected], 9822643373. Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9278-5786
6 Dr. Rohit Mohril, Assistant professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. [email protected]. 9970171031 Orcid ID: 0000-0002-3559-7930
Abstract*
ABSTRACT:
Every human has a unique tongue morphology that can be useful for forensic identification. It is possible to make tongue prints by impressions and photographs which are also unique and difficult to forge. The present study deals with the evaluation of these morphological features of the tongue and its application in the identification of an individual. Materials & methods: 20 random subjects were evaluated for their tongue, photographed and alginate impressions were taken followed by cast preparation. Two Oral Pathologists who were blinded to the study co-related the morphological features of tongue on casts with photographs for identification. Results: Two Oral Pathologists co-related the morphological features of cast & photographs, the first observer identified 80% casts correctly while second identified 70% correctly. Conclusions: Tongue can be used for identification in Forensic Odontology along with other identification aids.
Keywords: Forensic Odontology; Identification; Tongue; Tongue prints.
Introduction
A Forensic Odontology is defined by Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) as branch of dentistry in the concern of justice, deals with handling and investigation of dental evidence, and with the proper assessment and presentation of dental findings’. It has turned out to be a fundamental part of forensic science. (1,2) It involves the legal aspects of specialized dental practices giving particular prominence on the use of dental records to recognize victims of crimes or accidents. It plays an significant role in the identification of an unidentified in matters like mass disasters like Tsunamis, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, physical abuse, deaths, bio-terrorism, sunk bodies, burns, and in automobile accidents. Forensic dentistry include identification methods like bite mark analysis, tooth prints, rugoscopy, cheiloscopy, dental DNA analysis, radiographs & photographic study, etc. (3) Attempts have been made by various researchers to use tongue as an identification tool based on t the fact that every individual has a unique tongue morphology.
The vitality of the tongue is well emblazoned in ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine’ as “Tongue of life”. It is considered as a reflection of the oral and overall health. Every human has a distinctive tongue encased within the oral cavity. It is the only soft-tissue organ in the mouth that can be effortlessly drawn out and revealed for inspection and palpation purposes. The morphological features of the tongue like shape and physiological texture are valuable for identification in Forensic Odontology. In every individual, the tongue shape is consistent throughout a lifetime without any pathology and the physiological texture is constant even if the sperficial layer of the tongue changes. (4,5) Morphological details of the tongue can be studied and evaluated by visual checkup, digital photography, lingual imprint techniques as well as by means like biometric validation. The impressions, imprint or photographs of the tongue are also unique and difficult to forge. It promises to provide individuality and has many potential that make it suitable for identification (6)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate and correlate morphological features of the tongue features on casts with photographs of tongue for identification in Forensic Odontology.
Methods
The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology after gaining approval from the ‘Institutional Ethics Committee’. Signed informed consent was acquired from all the subjects after clarifying the study details in their vernacular language. Individuals with the habit of smoking, tongue carcinoma, systemic diseases like anemia, hyperthyroidism, gigantism, dwarfism, syphilis, Down syndrome were excluded from the study.
Total 20 subjects with equal gender, within the age range of 18-50 years, attending the outpatient department who consented for the study were included in the study. A pilot sampling was done as no data of any previous research found where cast and photographs of tongue are correlated for identification of tongue. After rinsing the mouth with water to get rid of any surface debris or food elements, the subjects were asked to protract their tongue in a relaxed position. For correct morphological details, all subjects were guided to protrude tongue in relaxed state without contraction of lingual muscles. Tongue was examined with respect to morphological features like shape- ‘U’/‘V’ or ‘W’ (Fig.1); the texture of the tongue- smooth/ rough (Fig.2); and apex of the tongue- rounded, pointed or septate (Fig.3).
Photographs of from dorsal surface of the tongue of all 20 random subjects were taken in frontal and lateral views with protruded tongue. Alginate impressions were made of the dorsum surface of the tongue from the level of the oral commissures up to the lingual tip including edges. Impression molds of tongue were then poured in dental stone and casts were made. (Fig. 4) Two Oral Pathologists blinded to the study correlated and matched the morphological features of tongue on casts with photographs for identification. Each observer (Oral Pathologist) was given a cast with five different subject’s tongue photographs, one of the photographs was of the same subject that of the cast given. The observer was then asked to identify the match by correlating and marking the morphological features like shape, surface texture, apex and lateral borders that matched cast and photograph. (Fig. 5) In figure 5, the morphological features on the cast can be correlated with the tongue photographs in number B. A morphological feature like color could not be correlated on the cast.
Results
Both Oral Pathologists co-related and matched the morphological features of cast & photographs for identification. The first observer identified 16 casts correctly while the second identified 14 correctly. Morphological features that observers matched 100% correctly were shape and surface texture of tongue, but the apex and lateral borders of the tongue was matched with 89% by the observer. (Table 1) Statistically agreement between observers showed slight agreement with KAPPA coefficient: 0.053.
Discussion
The tongue is a vital organ, encased and well protected within the moist oral cavity environment and difficult to forge. Every individual has a unique tongue with respect to its morphological features like shape, surface texture, apex, color, lateral borders. The morphological features of the tongue like shape and physiological texture are useful for identification in Forensic Odontology. (4)
In the present study, Correlation of casts with photographs of tongue was also done for identification by two blinded oral pathologists. It was observed that the shape of a tongue, surface texture as well as apex and lateral borders can be used for the correct identification purpose. Any developmental features like lingual clefts, moles or pigmentations, fissures, thyroid nodule, etc. supplement uniqueness for identification. Thus, morphological features of the tongue can be used as an identification tool in Forensic Odontology irrespective of age and gender.
For post-mortem records, photographs and tongue impressions can be made during the autopsy. Alteration in morphological features of the tongue may result due to post-mortem changes like putrefaction in some cases. (7) It is difficult to obtain ante-mortem records. As there is a trend of clicking selfies and photographs with protruded tongue, photographs of the suspected individual may be available in mobile gallery, family photos or on social media. A tongue print database created by digital analysis of tongue morphology will be helpful for future ante-mortem records.
CONCLUSION
The present research is an attempt to study various morphological features of the tongue and co-relation of these morphological features with tongue prints that could be helpful for identification purposes in addition to other forensic identification tools. Few studies have been carried out to study the morphology of the tongue in forensic science. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research work where co-relation of casts and photographs of tongues was done for identification.
More similar research on the tongue is required based on the morphological aspect as well as biometric analysis for forensic identification. The morphological features of the tongue like its shape, surface texture as well as the apex and lateral borders can be used for the correct identification purpose in Forensic Odontology along with other identification aids. The fact that no two individuals have exactly the same tongue makes it ideal for the identification of an individual.
Ethical considerations*
Approved by Institutional Ethical Committee: IEC/VSPMDCRC/31/2018
Data availability*
Data of the research along with the completion report is maintained with the First Author and filled in the department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, VSPM DCRC, Nagpur.
Reporting guidelines*
Competing interests*
None
Grant information*
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References*
Luciana C, Isadora AD, Rafael GL. Forensic dentistry: An overview of the human identification's techniques of this dental specialty. J Forensic Res. 2014;6:256-61. DOI:10.4172/2157-7145.1000256
Astekar M, Saxena S, Agarwal A & Murari A. Lingual Morphology: A Secure Method for Forensic Identification. J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves. 2018;1-6 DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2018.09.555759
Ratnakar P, Singaraju GS. Methods of identification in forensic dentistry. Annals & Essences of Dentistry. 2010;2:26-8. DOI:10.5368/aedj.2010.2.1.26-28
Abraham J, Binita G, Sandra E J. A morphological study of tongue and its role in forensics odontology. J Forensic Sci & Criminal Invest. 2018;7:1-5
Stefanescu CL, Popa MF, Candea LS. Preliminary study on the tongue-based forensic identification. Rom J Leg Med. 2014;22:263-6.DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2014.263
Radhika T, Jeddy N, Nithya S. Tongue prints: A novel biometric and potential forensic tool. Journal of forensic dental sciences. 2016;8:117-9.10.4103/0975-1475.195119
Tsokos M. Postmortem changes and artifacts occurring during the early postmortem interval. InForensic pathology reviews 2005;3:183-238. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-910-3_5
Figure legends
Table 1: Percentage of tongue Identification by co-relating morphological features from cast & photographs
Morphological features
Correct identification
Shape
100%
Surface texture
100%
Apex
89%
Lateral borders
89
"Tongue as an identification tool in Forensic Odontology: Still a dilemma!"
No full textTitle*
“Tongue as an identification tool in Forensic Odontology: Still a dilemma!”
Author list and affiliations*
1 Dr. Aayushi Pakhale, Assistant professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, “Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital”, “Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha” - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected] 9561169929. Orcid ID : 0000-0002-0529-3856
2 Dr. Alka Dive, Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. [email protected] 9822992622. Orcid ID : 0000-0003-3088-3847
3 Dr. Archana Sonone, Assistant professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, “Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital” , “Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha” - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected] 9145229353 Orcid ID : 0000-0001-9225-7919
4 Dr. Alka Hande, Professor and Vice Dean, “Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology”, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, “Sawangi (Meghe)”, Wardha - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected] 9226789200 Orcid ID: 0000-0002-8576-7897
5 Dr. Swati Patil, Associate professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research , Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha - 442004, Maharashtra, India. Email id- [email protected], 9822643373. Orcid ID: 0000-0002-9278-5786
6 Dr. Rohit Mohril, Assistant professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. [email protected]. 9970171031 Orcid ID: 0000-0002-3559-7930
ABSTRACT:
Every human has a unique tongue morphology that can be useful for forensic identification. It is possible to make tongue prints by impressions and photographs which are also unique and difficult to forge. The present study deals with the evaluation of these morphological features of the tongue and its application in the identification of an individual. Materials & methods: 20 random subjects were evaluated for their tongue, photographed and alginate impressions were taken followed by cast preparation. Two Oral Pathologists who were blinded to the study co-related the morphological features of tongue on casts with photographs for identification. Results: Two Oral Pathologists co-related the morphological features of cast & photographs, the first observer identified 80% casts correctly while second identified 70% correctly. Conclusions: Tongue can be used for identification in Forensic Odontology along with other identification aids.
Keywords: Forensic Odontology; Identification; Tongue; Tongue prints.
Introduction
A Forensic Odontology is defined by Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) as branch of dentistry in the concern of justice, deals with handling and investigation of dental evidence, and with the proper assessment and presentation of dental findings’. It has turned out to be a fundamental part of forensic science. (1,2) It involves the legal aspects of specialized dental practices giving particular prominence on the use of dental records to recognize victims of crimes or accidents. It plays an significant role in the identification of an unidentified in matters like mass disasters like Tsunamis, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, physical abuse, deaths, bio-terrorism, sunk bodies, burns, and in automobile accidents. Forensic dentistry include identification methods like bite mark analysis, tooth prints, rugoscopy, cheiloscopy, dental DNA analysis, radiographs & photographic study, etc. (3) Attempts have been made by various researchers to use tongue as an identification tool based on t the fact that every individual has a unique tongue morphology.
The vitality of the tongue is well emblazoned in ‘Traditional Chinese Medicine’ as “Tongue of life”. It is considered as a reflection of the oral and overall health. Every human has a distinctive tongue encased within the oral cavity. It is the only soft-tissue organ in the mouth that can be effortlessly drawn out and revealed for inspection and palpation purposes. The morphological features of the tongue like shape and physiological texture are valuable for identification in Forensic Odontology. In every individual, the tongue shape is consistent throughout a lifetime without any pathology and the physiological texture is constant even if the superficial layer of the tongue changes. (4,5) Morphological details of the tongue can be studied and evaluated by visual check-up, digital photography, lingual imprint techniques as well as by means like biometric validation. The impressions, imprint or photographs of the tongue are also unique and difficult to forge. It promises to provide individuality and has many potential that make it suitable for identification (6)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate and correlate morphological features of the tongue features on casts with photographs of tongue for identification in Forensic Odontology.
Methods
The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology after gaining approval from the ‘Institutional Ethics Committee’. Signed informed consent was acquired from all the subjects after clarifying the study details in their vernacular language. Individuals with the habit of smoking, tongue carcinoma, systemic diseases like anaemia, hyperthyroidism, gigantism, dwarfism, syphilis, Down syndrome were excluded from the study.
Total 20 subjects with equal gender, within the age range of 18-50 years, attending the outpatient department who consented for the study were included in the study. A pilot sampling was done as no data of any previous research found where cast and photographs of tongue are correlated for identification of tongue. After rinsing the mouth with water to get rid of any surface debris or food elements, the subjects were asked to protract their tongue in a relaxed position. For correct morphological details, all subjects were guided to protrude tongue in relaxed state without contraction of lingual muscles. Tongue was examined with respect to morphological features like shape- ‘U’/‘V’ or ‘W’ (Fig.1); the texture of the tongue- smooth/ rough (Fig.2); and apex of the tongue- rounded, pointed or septate (Fig.3).
Photographs of from dorsal surface of the tongue of all 20 random subjects were taken in frontal and lateral views with protruded tongue. Alginate impressions were made of the dorsum surface of the tongue from the level of the oral commissures up to the lingual tip including edges. Impression moulds of tongue were then poured in dental stone and casts were made. (Fig. 4) Two Oral Pathologists blinded to the study correlated and matched the morphological features of tongue on casts with photographs for identification. Each observer (Oral Pathologist) was given a cast with five different subject’s tongue photographs, one of the photographs was of the same subject that of the cast given. The observer was then asked to identify the match by correlating and marking the morphological features like shape, surface texture, apex and lateral borders that matched cast and photograph. (Fig. 5) In figure 5, the morphological features on the cast can be correlated with the tongue photographs in number B. A morphological feature like color could not be correlated on the cast.
Results
Both Oral Pathologists co-related and matched the morphological features of cast & photographs for identification. The first observer identified 16 casts correctly while the second identified 14 correctly. Morphological features that observers matched 100% correctly were shape and surface texture of tongue, but the apex and lateral borders of the tongue was matched with 89% by the observer. (Table 1) Statistically agreement between observers showed slight agreement with KAPPA coefficient: 0.053.
Discussion
The tongue is a vital organ, encased and well protected within the moist oral cavity environment and difficult to forge. Every individual has a unique tongue with respect to its morphological features like shape, surface texture, apex, color, lateral borders. The morphological features of the tongue like shape and physiological texture are useful for identification in Forensic Odontology. (4)
In the present study, Correlation of casts with photographs of tongue was also done for identification by two blinded oral pathologists. It was observed that the shape of a tongue, surface texture as well as apex and lateral borders can be used for the correct identification purpose. Any developmental features like lingual clefts, moles or pigmentations, fissures, thyroid nodule, etc. supplement uniqueness for identification. Thus, morphological features of the tongue can be used as an identification tool in Forensic Odontology irrespective of age and gender.
For post-mortem records, photographs and tongue impressions can be made during the autopsy. Alteration in morphological features of the tongue may result due to post-mortem changes like putrefaction in some cases. (7) It is difficult to obtain ante-mortem records. As there is a trend of clicking selfies and photographs with protruded tongue, photographs of the suspected individual may be available in mobile gallery, family photos or on social media. A tongue print database created by digital analysis of tongue morphology will be helpful for future ante-mortem records.
CONCLUSION
The present research is an attempt to study various morphological features of the tongue and co-relation of these morphological features with tongue prints that could be helpful for identification purposes in addition to other forensic identification tools. Few studies have been carried out to study the morphology of the tongue in forensic science. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research work where co-relation of casts and photographs of tongues was done for identification.
More similar research on the tongue is required based on the morphological aspect as well as biometric analysis for forensic identification. The morphological features of the tongue like its shape, surface texture as well as the apex and lateral borders can be used for the correct identification purpose in Forensic Odontology along with other identification aids. The fact that no two individuals have exactly the same tongue makes it ideal for the identification of an individual.
Ethical considerations*
Approved by Institutional Ethical Committee: IEC/VSPMDCRC/31/2018
Data availability*
Data of the research along with the completion report is maintained with the First Author and filled in the department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, VSPM DCRC, Nagpur.
Competing interests*
None
Grant information*
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References*
Luciana C, Isadora AD, Rafael GL. Forensic dentistry: An overview of the human identification's techniques of this dental specialty. J Forensic Res. 2014;6:256-61. DOI:10.4172/2157-7145.1000256
Astekar M, Saxena S, Agarwal A & Murari A. Lingual Morphology: A Secure Method for Forensic Identification. J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves. 2018;1-6 DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2018.09.555759
Ratnakar P, Singaraju GS. Methods of identification in forensic dentistry. Annals & Essences of Dentistry. 2010;2:26-8. DOI:10.5368/aedj.2010.2.1.26-28
Abraham J, Binita G, Sandra E J. A morphological study of tongue and its role in forensics odontology. J Forensic Sci & Criminal Invest. 2018;7:1-5
Stefanescu CL, Popa MF, Candea LS. Preliminary study on the tongue-based forensic identification. Rom J Leg Med. 2014;22:263-6.DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2014.263
Radhika T, Jeddy N, Nithya S. Tongue prints: A novel biometric and potential forensic tool. Journal of forensic dental sciences. 2016;8:117-9.10.4103/0975-1475.195119
Tsokos M. Postmortem changes and artifacts occurring during the early postmortem interval. InForensic pathology reviews 2005;3:183-238. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-910-3_5
Figure legends
Table 1: Percentage of tongue Identification by co-relating morphological features from cast & photographs
Morphological features
Correct identification
Shape
100%
Surface texture
100%
Apex
89%
Lateral borders
89
Burden of injury along the development spectrum: Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textBackground: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © 2020 Author(s)
Burden of injury along the development spectrum : Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textBackground: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © 2020 Author(s).</p
Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017
No full textBackground Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ
Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
No full textBackground: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ
Mortality, morbidity, and hospitalisations due to influenza lower respiratory tract infections, 2017 : an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textAbstract: Background Although the burden of influenza is often discussed in the context of historical pandemics and the threat of future pandemics, every year a substantial burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and other respiratory conditions (like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are attributable to seasonal influenza. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2017 is a systematic scientific effort to quantify the health loss associated with a comprehensive set of diseases and disabilities. In this Article, we focus on LRTIs that can be attributed to influenza. Methods We modelled the LRTI incidence, hospitalisations, and mortality attributable to influenza for every country and selected subnational locations by age and year from 1990 to 2017 as part of GBD 2017. We used a counterfactual approach that first estimated the LRTI incidence, hospitalisations, and mortality and then attributed a fraction of those outcomes to influenza. Findings Influenza LRTI was responsible for an estimated 145 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 99 000-200 000) deaths among all ages in 2017. The influenza LRTI mortality rate was highest among adults older than 70 years (16.4 deaths per 100 000 [95% UI 11.6-21.9]), and the highest rate among all ages was in eastern Europe (5.2 per 100 000 population [95% UI 3.5-7.2]). We estimated that influenza LRTIs accounted for 9 459 000 (95% UI 3 709 000-22 935 000) hospitalisations due to LRTIs and 81 536 000 hospital days (24 330 000-259 851 000). We estimated that 11.5% (95% UI 10.0-12.9) of LRTI episodes were attributable to influenza, corresponding to 54 481 000 (38 465 000-73 864 000) episodes and 8 172 000 severe episodes (5 000 000-13 296 000). Interpretation This comprehensive assessment of the burden of influenza LRTIs shows the substantial annual effect of influenza on global health. Although preparedness planning will be important for potential pandemics, health loss due to seasonal influenza LRTIs should not be overlooked, and vaccine use should be considered. Efforts to improve influenza prevention measures are needed. Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd
