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Determination of prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella in dairy lagoon liquid manure and development of ozone and air injection treatment methods for pathogen reduction
Get PDFDairy industry is important for milk production and has substantial contribution to the California’s economy, however, dairy farms also produce manure, which impacts the environment. Dairy manure contains carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which are beneficial to soil. Manure also contains many bacteria including human pathogen, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) which poses risk to public health. In this research, an intensive reconnaissance survey of manure stored in dairy lagoon was conducted to determine the prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella. In addition, an attempt was made to develop the ozone and air-based treatment method to reduce pathogen in liquid manure. First a comprehensive review on microbial pollution of manure, and various control method was performed (Chapter 1). Secondly, a field study was undertaken to collect dairy manure from 20 dairy farms to determine the prevalence of indicator E. coli, Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC), and E. coli O157:H7 (Chapter 2). Finally, a lab scale experiment was developed to determine the impact of ozone and air injection on E. coli inactivation in liquid manure (Chapter 3). The first chapter addresses the issues of microbial pathogen in manure and associated risk to human, animal and environment and impacts of various treatment methods on bacteria control. Previous studies showed that anaerobic digestion reduces E. coli and Salmonella under prolonged incubation and high temperature conditions, however, many anaerobic pathogens such as Clostridium survive anaerobic environment. In anaerobic incubation, E. coli level is reduced, but these bacteria are not eliminated completely. In the second chapter, several bacteria testing methods were used to determine the prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella, STEC and E. coli O157:H7 which are common pathogens in dairy manure. About 177 manure samples were collected from 20 dairy farms from primary and secondary lagoons to test the bacteria using agar culture-based methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of E. coli and Salmonella. In addition, a real- time PCR based method was used to determine the presence of E coli O157:H7. Results showed that the prevalence of Salmonella in manure sample is lower than E. coli. The bacteria detection approach presented here could reduce the number of testing required during downstream confirmation process. The presence of Salmonella was found in 2.26 % of the samples, and both the culture-based and PCR methods yielded comparable outcomes in detecting Salmonella. Moreover, approximately 11.30% of the total samples out of the 177 were identified as positive for STEC by qPCR. None of the lagoon samples were positive to E coli O157:H7 by qPCR. The outcomes of this study hold substantial importance to determine the microbial quality of lagoon manure, and aid in the selection of appropriate methodologies for determining the prevalence of pathogenic organisms in dairy manure. In the third chapter, lab scale experiments were conducted to determine the impacts of ozone injection (Ozonation) and air injection (Aeration) in liquid dairy manure on E. coli reduction. Liquid manure was exposed to ozone and air for multiple durations (0 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min) and E. coli levels were determined. Further, manure samples were analyzed for pH, salt content, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), nitrate (NO3-), calcium (Ca2+), and electrical conductivity (EC, mS/cm). Results showed that Ozonation can be an effective treatment method to reduce E. coli levels in liquid manure. Further nitrate ions were reduced substantially by Ozonation. The analysis of variance (one way and two way) revealed significance difference in E. coli and nitrate reductions in liquid slurry among ozone and air treatments (p <0.05). The study's results carry significance importance in terms of developing a simple field-scale method for reducing microbial and nutrient pollutions from dairy lagoon manure
Directive speech acts in the New Testament
No full textDanuta Pytel-Pandey, WrocławThis article discusses the directive speech acts in the New Testament. The
author presents examples of such acts from the New Testament Scriptures, and
then carries out their pragmalinguistic [email protected]
Similarities between 2D and 3D convection for large Prandtl number
No full textUsing direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh-B\'enard convection (RBC), we perform a comparative study of the spectra and fluxes of energy and entropy for large and infinite Prandtl numbers in two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions. We observe close similarities between the 2D and 3D RBC, in particular the kinetic energy spectrum , and the entropy spectrum exhibits a dual branch with a dominant spectrum. We showed that the dominant Fourier modes in the 2D and 3D flows are very close
Evaluation and analysis of impact of subsidies on small scale renewable energy technologies dissemination: a case study of Nepal
Get PDFThe report has analysed the status of rural electrification using renewable energy technologies (RETs) and the current subsidy delivery modality of RETs in Nepal. As the Government of Nepal is subsidizing small scale renewable energy projects, it is important to evaluate and analyse the programme to make sure that a programme is running in an effective and efficient way while reaching the target group.
During the course of the research, primary information collected from the field has been compiled using appropriate tools/software (such as MS Office) and analyzed. Different sets of questionnaires were prepared, targeting different personnel ranging from the users’ level to the government policy level. The field survey methods include field observations of RETs installations and operations along with interviews with selected users on a random sampling basis to identify barriers to subsidy delivery and possible measures to overcome these barriers; to determine user satisfaction level and time period for subsidy delivery mechanisms.
The report started with the country background information and the rationale behind the study. This is followed by the literature review and information on the current status of small scale RETs in the country. Next it deals with the organizational structure and current subsidy delivery modality of RETs in the country. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the subsidy with the current subsidy delivery modality has been analyzed based on six parameters; Targets and Achievements, Impact of RETs, Subsidy Delivery System Efficiency, Transparency, Sustainability and Effectiveness.
The research shows that the subsidized government program has been successful in achieving its goal to provide basic energy services in rural areas through RETs in terms of its quantitative target. Although the subsidized program is successful in electrifying the rural communities via RETs, the poorest of the poor families are still excluded from the subsidy. The program seems to benefit more the rich and upper middle class families rather than the poor families for which the subsidy was intended. The high capital cost and long subsidy delivery process are the main important reasons for this failure. The author has proposed a new modality which might overcome the time barriers and bureaucratic process in the subsidy delivery mechanism and will decrease the lead time. This will in turn help to reduce the operational cost of the private companies and will encourage more players to enter the market, increase competition and result in lower system costs.
After identifying gaps in the current subsidy delivery modality, the project report ends with the recommendation of a new modality improving the current modality and filling the gaps identified. As this study has some limitations, as described in chapter one, the scope of further works has been listed at the end
Determination of prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella in dairy lagoon liquid manure and development of ozone and air injection treatment methods for pathogen reduction
No full textDetermination of prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella in dairy lagoon liquid manure and development of ozone and air injection treatment methods for pathogen reduction
No full textGHOST AND SUPERNATURAL IN RUSKIN BOND’S WORK
Get PDFDeath is inevitable and the most frightening fear of all the fears of an, this powerful emotion gives birth to a host of diverse superstitions; one of them is life after death. Almost all the religions adopted the doctrines of survival after death. Many works of literature present various views on life after death or existence of supernatural elements. J.G Frazer’s The Golden Bough is full of wealth of colorful myths and enigma of the life beyond. Ruskin Bond the brightest star of children literature and nature lover decorates his treasure of literature with delicate themes like nature, love, Indian ness or children. Unlike his contemporaries he believes the main function of literature is to relieve or refresh the souls of readers in the world full of cruelty and harshness. This Indian author of British descent achieved the Padma Shri in 1999 and Padma Bhushan in 2014.
[1] He got the Sahitya Academy Award in 1992 for Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra, for his published work in English. And John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, (1957) at the age of 17 years for his first novel Room on the Roof
this paper is the real work of the author
No full textthe author is the renouned economist and have an experience of 25 years as a reader and as a guest professor .unemployemnt
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