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The occurence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs in Estonian animal shelters
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Veterinaarmeditsiini õppekavalMetitsilliiniresistentne Staphylococcus pseudintemedius (MRSP) on ülemaailmse tähtsusega bakteriaalne patogeen, mis võib põhjustada koertel mitmesuguseid ravile halvasti alluvaid infektsioone, levida asümptomaatiliselt ning põhjustada loomakliinikutes nosokomiaalset nakkust. Kuigi MRSP on peamiselt koertel esinev patogeen, on seda isoleeritud ka inimestelt, kellel on olnud kokkupuude patogeeni kandvate koertega, sealhulgas koerte omanikelt ja veterinaaridelt. MRSP esinemise uurimiseks Eesti loomade varjupaikades peetavatel koertel viidi läbi ülevaateuuring 2023. aasta märtsis ja aprillis. Uuringusse kaasati 37 koera neljast Eesti varjupaigast, kellelt võeti kokku 74 proovi. Igalt koeralt võeti steriilse vatitampooniga kaks proovi: üks proov võeti nina piirkonnast ja suu limaskestalt ning teine proov võeti perianaalpiirkonnast. MRSP isoleerimine ja identifitseerimine viidi läbi modifitseeritud Euroopa Liidu Referentslaboratooriumi antibiootikumiresistentsuse protokolli abil Eesti Maaülikooli veterinaarmeditsiini ja loomakasvatuse instituudi mikrobioloogia laboris. Kõik 74 tampooniproovi osutusid MRSP suhtes negatiivseks. Saadud tulemused on kooskõlas teiste Euroopa riikide uuringutega, mis viitavad madalale esinemissagedusele. Autori teada on see esimene uuring, mis keskendub MRSP esinemisele Eestis, mis näitab siiski vajadust edasiste uuringute järele.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a globally significant bacterial pathogen that causes serious and difficult-to-treat infections in dogs. It can spread asymptomatically and cause nosocomial infections in animal clinics. Despite primarily affecting canines, MRSP has also been isolated from humans who have had contact with carrier dogs, including pet owners and veterinarians. To investigate the occurrence of MRSP in shelter dogs in Estonia, a surveillance study was conducted in March and April 2023. The study incuded 37 dogs from four Estonian shelters, and 74 samples were taken. Each dog was sampled twice using sterile cotton swabs. One sample was taken from the nasal area and oral mucosa, and the other from the perianal region. MRSA isolation and identification were performed using the modified European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance protocol at the microbiology laboratory of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences at the Estonian University of Life Sciences. All 74 swab samples tested negative for MRSP. These findings align with results from other European countries, indicating low prevalence. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study examining MRSP occurence in Estonia, highlighting the need for further investigations
Campylobacter spp. ja Listeria monocytogenes linnulihatoodetes Eestis
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for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in Veterinary Medicine and Food Science
(Food Hygiene and Food Quality)Campylobacteriosis, caused by thermotolerant Campylobacter species, is continued to be one
of the most commonly reported zoonosis in humans in the European Union, and
Campylobacter is recognized as the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis
in developed world. Listeriosis, the disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes, is a lifethreatening
disease for individuals with compromised immune systems. Consumption of
different foods, including poultry products, have been associated with campylobacteriosis
and listeriosis. Healthy birds may shed Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes in fecal
material asymptomatically. Poultry meat may become contaminated with fecal matter during
slaughter or through cross-contamination during processing.
The main goals of the present thesis were 1) to determine the prevalence and counts of
Campylobacter spp. and the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in Estonian and imported raw
poultry meat, 2) to serotype and genotype using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis both
Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes isolates, and 3) to determine the antimicrobial
susceptibility of the Campylobacter isolates.
The studies showed that the poultry products of Estonian origin and imported to Estonia were
contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes. There was high sero- and
genotype diversity among Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes isolates. High level of
resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, ampicillin, and erythromycin among the
Campylobacter isolates were detected.Termofiilsed kampülobakterid on paljudes maades ühed põhilised inimese bakteriaalse mao-peensoolepõletiku põhjustajad ja Euroopa Liidu riikides on kampülobakterioos jätkuvalt kõige sagedamini esinev zoonoos. Listerioos on nakkushaigus, mille kutsub esile bakter Listeria monocytogenes ja mis ohustab eelkõige immuunpuudulikkusega inimesi. Haigusjuhtude põhjuseks on kas bakteriga Campylobacter spp. või bakteriga L. monocytogenes saastunud toiduainete, sh linnuliha, tarbimine. Linnud võivad olla nii kampülobakterite kui ka listeeriate asümptomaatilised kandjad. Peamiselt saastub linnuliha fekaalse saastumise teel lindude algtöötlemisel tapamajas või ristsaastumise teel linnuliha edaspidise töötlemise käigus.
Käesoleva väitekirja peamised eesmärgid olid 1) määrata bakteri Campylobacter spp. levimus ja arvukus ning bakteri L. monocytogenes levimus Eestis toodetud ja Eestisse imporditud toores linnulihas, 2) serotüpiseerida ja genotüpiseerida pulseeriva välja geelelektroforeesi meetodil toorest linnulihast isoleeritud patogeenitüved ja 3) määrata bakteri Campylobacter spp. isolaatide tundlikkus antibiootikumide suhtes.
Tehtud uuringud näitasid, et Eestis toodetud ja Eestisse imporditud linnuliha osutus
saastunuks bakteritega Campylobacter spp. ja L. monocytogenes. Uuritud patogeenide
tüpiseerimine viitas sero- ja genotüübilisele mitmekesisusele. Tuvastati isoleeritud
kampülobakterite tüvede suur resistentsus fluorokinoloonide, tetratsükliini, ampitsilliini ja
erütromütsiini suhtes.The publication of this dissertation is granted by the Estonian University
of Life Science
Koobalti nanoosakeste mõju Microsporum canis kasvule in vitro
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Curriculum in Veterinary MedicineDematophytosis is a common infectious skin disease caused by various fungi of the
Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton species. Microsporum canis (M. canis) is
causing dermatophytosis in small animals, and it is a zoonotic disease. Treatment of
dermatophytosis ensures milder clinical signs and faster recovery. Cobalt nanoparticles (Co
NPs) are currently being researched in order to find therapeutic uses, such as anti-cancer,
anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties.
The aim of this thesis was to study the antifungal effect of cobalt nanoparticles on the
growth of M. canis. Our study was a laboratory study carrying out experiments in vitro.
Mixtures of different concentrations of Co NPs with Aloe vera gel and Phosphate Buffered
Saline solution were created to test the antifungal properties against dermatophyte M. canis.
The results showed that where Co NPs were used, there was no growth of M. canis. The Co
NPs are exhibiting an antifungal effect and more research should be done investigating
further and on the toxicity. Co NPs could possibly be considered a future treatment of
dermatophytosis caused by M. canis.Dermatofütoos on üldlevinud nahaseenhaigus, mida põhjustavad perekondadesse
Microsporum, Trichophyton ja Epidermophyton kuuluvate seente liigid. Microsporum
canis’e (M. canis) poolt põhjustatud dermatofütoos on zoonootiline haigus, mis on väga
nakkav nii väikeloomadele kui inimestele üle maailma. Dermatofütoosi ravi tagab
kergemad kliinilised tunnused ja kiirema paranemise. Käesolevate teadusuuringute raames
uuritakse koobalti nanoosakeste terapeutilisi kasutusvõimalusi, nende vähivastaseid,
antimikroobseid ja seentevastaseid omadusi.
Antud lõputöö eesmärgiks oli uurida koobalti nanoosakeste seentevastast toimet
dermatofüüt M. canis’e kasvu suhtes. Uurimine viidi läbi laboratooriumis ja katsed teostati
in vitro. Valmistati erinevate kontsentratsioonidega koobalti nanoosakeste ja Aloe vera
geeli ning fosfaatpuhvri lisandiga keedusoolalahused. Katse tulemused näitasid, et koobalti
nanoosakeste kasutamisel ei toimunud M. canis’e kasvu ja võis täheldada koobalti
nanoosakeste seentevastast toimet. Edasiste uuringute käigus tuleb teostada täiendavad
katsed koobalti nanoosakeste seentevastase toime väljaselgitamiseks, samuti koobalti
nanoosakeste toksilisuse uurimiseks. Koobalti nanoosakesed võivad osutuda M. canis’e
poolt põhjustatud dermatofütoosi tulevikuraviks
Metitsilliiniresistentse Staphylococcus aureus’e esinemine hobusekliiniku keskkonnas
No full textFinal Thesis
Curriculum in Veterinary MedicineMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen of global
importance that can be found in asymptomatic carriers (both animals and humans) as well as
on various instruments, equipment, and surfaces in veterinary clinics. The equine clinic
environment is considered a potential reservoir and an infection route for MRSA, increasing
the risk of infection in both horses and people working with them. Within the scope of this
thesis, a descriptive study was conducted to examine the occurrence of MRSA in an equine
clinic located in Estonia. A total of 50 environmental swab samples were examined in March
2023 from the environment of an equine clinic. Sampling areas were categorized into human
and/or animal contact areas. Isolation and identification of MRSA from the environment
samples of the equine clinic were performed in the microbiology laboratory of the Estonian
University of Life Sciences according to the EURL-AR modified laboratory protocol. All
samples taken from the equine clinic environment were negative for MRSA. To our
knowledge, no previous data exist on the occurrence of MRSA in equine clinics in Estonia.
The results were as expected considering the low prevalence of MRSA in horses in Estonia,
but this study does not completely exclude the presence of MRSA in the clinic environment.
Further studies, such as air sampling and evaluation of the biosafety protocols of the clinic
could provide useful information for the future.Metitsilliiniresistentne Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on ülemaailmselt olulise tähtsusega
zoonootiline patogeen, mida võib leiduda asümptomaatilistel nakkuse kandjatel (nii loomadel
kui inimestel), aga ka loomakliinikutes erinevatel instrumentidel, seadmetel ja pindadel.
Hobusekliiniku keskkond võib olla MRSA võimalikuks infektsiooni koldeks ja ka
nakkusteeks, suurendades nii hobuste kui ka nendega töötavate inimeste nakatumisohtu.
Käesoleva lõputöö raames viidi läbi kirjeldav uurimus, mille eesmärk oli uurida MRSA
esinemist ühes Eestis asuvas hobusekliinikus. Kokku uuriti 2023. aasta märtsis
hobusekliiniku keskkonnast 50 tampooniproovi. Proovivõtu kohad jaotati inimeste ja/või
loomade kokkupuute aladeks. MRSA isoleerimine ja identifitseerimine hobusekliiniku
keskkonna proovidest viidi läbi Eesti Maaülikooli mikrobioloogia laboris vastavalt EURLAR
modifitseeritud protokollile. Kõik hobusekliiniku keskkonnast võetud proovid osutusid
MRSA suhtes negatiivseks. Meile teadaolevalt puuduvad varasemad andmed Eestis MRSA
esinemise kohta hobusekliinikutes. Arvestades MRSA madalat levimust hobustel Eestis, olid
tulemused ootuspärased, kuid see uuring ei välista täielikult MRSA esinemist kliiniku
keskkonnas. Edasised uuringud, nagu õhuproovide võtmine ja kliiniku bioohutuse
protokollide hindamine, võivad anda kasulikku teavet tulevikuks
Metitsilliiniresistentse Staphylococcus aureus’e esinemine koertel loomade varjupaikades Eestis
No full textFinal thesis
Curriculum in Veterinary MedicineAntibiotic resistance is an increasing global problem in general, and as part of a broader problem,
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has high global prevalence rates. In contrast, the
development of new effective antibiotics has slowed down, putting both human and veterinary
professions in a problematic situation. Due to the zoonotic potential of MRSA and the fact that dogs
are increasingly integrated into human households as well as the interest in dog adoption has been
increased during previous years, a deeper understanding of MRSA in dogs must be raised among
humans since it can help limit its spread to humans and improve resistant infection control strategies.
In March and April 2023, a study was performed to investigate the prevalence of MRSA in shelter
dogs in Estonia. In total, 74 samples from 37 dogs in four different dog shelters in Estonia were
collected. From each dog, one swab sample was taken from the nostrils and oral mucous membrane,
and another from the perianal area. The modified protocol of the European Union Reference
Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance was used to isolate and identify MRSA. Sample analysis
was performed at the microbiology laboratory of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences. The results of this study showed that none of the
collected samples were positive for MRSA. To the authors' knowledge, this study represents the first
investigation of MRSA in shelter dogs in Estonia, highlighting the need for this initial research.Antibiootikumiresistentsus on üha kasvav ülemaailmne probleem üldiselt ning osana laiemast
probleemist on metitsilliiniresistentse Staphylococcus aureus’e (MRSA) ülemaailmsed levimuse
kõrged määrad. Samal ajal on uute tõhusate antibiootikumide arendamine aeglustunud, mis seab nii
humaan- kui ka veterinaarmeditsiini valdkonnad keerulisse olukorda. MRSA zoonootilise potentsiaali
tõttu ja asjaolu tõttu, et koerad on üha enam integreeritud inimeste kodustesse majapidamistesse,
samuti viimastel aastatel kasvanud huvi koerte adopteerimise vastu, on vaja inimeste seas tõsta
teadlikkust MRSA kohta koertel, kuna see võib aidata piirata selle levikut inimestele ja parandada
resistentsete infektsioonide kontrolli strateegiaid. Märtsis ja aprillis 2023 viidi läbi uuring, et uurida
MRSA esinemist koertel loomade varjupaikades Eestis. Kokku koguti 74 proovi 37 koeralt neljast
erinevast koerte varjupaigast. Igalt koeralt võeti üks tampooniproov ninasõõrmetest ja suu
limaskestalt ning teine tampooniproov perianaalselt alalt. MRSA isoleerimiseks ja
identifitseerimiseks kasutati Euroopa Liidu Antimikroobse Resistentsuse Referentlabori
modifitseeritud protokolli. Proovide analüüs teostati Eesti Maaülikooli veterinaarmeditsiini ja
loomakasvatuse instituudi mikrobioloogia laboris. Käesoleva lõputöö uuringu tulemused näitasid, et
ükski kogutud proov ei olnud MRSA suhtes positiivne. Autorite teadmiste kohaselt ei ole MRSA’d
varem varjupaiga koertel Eestis uuritud, mistõttu oli vajalik esimene uuring selles valdkonnas
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Õhu mikrobioloogiline koostis erinevat liiki allapanu kasutavates piimafarmides
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Curriculum in Veterinary MedicineBedding material is one of the fundamental elements of animal housing environment, as animals like to spend a significant amount of time on it. The main interest in previously published studies concerning bedding materials has been in laying comfort, milking performance, and stall hygiene. Surprisingly, the present understanding of the bedding material's effect on the microbiological quality of the air is scarce. This study aimed to compare microbiological air quality in two free-stall dairy cattle farms using different kinds of bedding materials – peat and sawdust. Both of the study farms (Farm A = peat; Farm B = sawdust) were visited three times from spring 2022 to winter 2023. The air samples were collected by using two different methods: sedimentation and filtration. In total, 30 sedimentation samples and 72 filtration samples were collected. To apply the sedimentation method, five agar plates were placed on a polystyrene box at a height of one metre from the floor surface, after which all plates were opened for a specified time. Filtration samples were collected by using a portable air sampler (Sartorius AirPort MD8). The air samples were taken to the microbiology laboratory and cultivated on four types of growth media (Columbia agar, Columbia blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar) to identify mesophilic bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative and enteric bacteria, and also fungal species. According to the results of the study, the two investigated bedding materials caused different microbial composition of the air. The results indicate that the bedding material may substantially affect the microbial composition of the air and thus the quality of the animal housing environment, but the field needs relevant studies more.Allapanumaterjal on üks tähtsamaid elemente loomapidamise keskkonnas, kuna loomad tahavad sellel palju aega veeta. Varem avaldatud allapanumaterjale käsitlevate uuringute põhihuvi on olnud loomade lamamismugavus, piimatoodang ja aseme hügieen. Praegune arusaam allapanumaterjali mõjust ümbritseva õhu mikrobioloogilisele kvaliteedile ei ole piisav. Käesoleva uuringu eesmärk oli võrrelda õhu mikrobioloogilist kvaliteeti kahes vabapidamisega piimakarjafarmis, kus kasutati erinevat tüüpi allapanu – turvast ja saepuru. Mõlemaid uuringufarme (farm A = turvas; farm B = saepuru) külastati ajavahemikus kevad 2022 kuni talv 2023 kolm korda. Õhuproovide kogumiseks kasutati kahte erinevat meetodit: sedimentatsiooni ja filtreerimist. Kokku koguti 30 sedimentatsiooniproovi ja 72 filtreerimisproovi. Sedimentatsioonimeetodi rakendamiseks asetati viis Petri söötmetassi polüstüreenkastile ühe meetri kõrgusele põrandapinnast, misjärel avati kõik plaadid kindlaksmääratud ajaks. Filtreerimisproovid koguti portatiivse õhuproovide kogujaga (Sartorius AirPort MD8). Õhuproove analüüsiti mikrobioloogia laboris, kus need kultiveeriti neljale erinevale kasvusöötmele (Columbia agar, Columbia vereagar, MacConkey agar ja Sabouraud dekstroosi agar), et tuvastada mesofiilsed bakterid, patogeensed bakterid, gramnegatiivsed ja enterobakterid, samuti seeneliigid. Uuringu tulemuste kohaselt põhjustasid kaks uuritud allapanu materjali õhu erineva mikroobse koostise. Tulemused näitavad, et allapanumaterjal võib oluliselt mõjutada õhu mikroobset koostist ja seega ka loomapidamiskeskkonna kvaliteeti, kuid antud valdkond vajab rohkem vastavaid uuringuid
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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