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The influence of slope deposits on the flooding of Mlake military training facility in Vipava Valley
Get PDFRaziskovano območje se nahaja na jugozahodu Slovenije v Zgornji Vipavski dolini. Diplomska naloga zajema širše območje vojaškega strelišča Mlake, ki se nahaja ob hitri cesti H4 Razdrto–Vipava, pod strmim vznožjem na robu planote Nanos. Zaradi posebne geološke zgradbe obravnavanega območja, kjer so mezozojski karbonati narinjeni na mlajše paleogenske siliciklastične kamnine, prihaja do različnih tektonskih deformacij spodaj ležečih kamnin. Zaradi preperevanja karbonatnih kamnin se na pobočju proti dnu doline nanašajo obsežne količine gruščnatega materiala. Ker so grušči vodoprepustni, spodaj ležeče flišne kamnine pa slabše prepustne, se podzemna voda generalno pretaka po meji obeh navedenih horizontov.
Leta 2008 je Slovenska vojska na območju Mlak zgradila novo strelišče, ki je s svojim severovzhodnim robom vkopano v pobočje. Kmalu po izgradnji so se začeli pojavljati problemi zamakanja posameznih objektov, saj podzemna voda ob vsakem močnejšem deževju, kljub vgrajenim jaškom in cevem za odvajanje meteorne vode poplavi posamezne dele strelišča.
Z izvedbo terenskega dela in preučevanjem lege flišnih paketov kamnin ter pobočnega grušča v zaledju strelišča, sem poleg geoloških značilnosti preučil tudi geomorfološke značilnosti območja. Pri delu sem si pomagal z lidarskimi posnetki ter nadaljnjo obdelavo senčenega digitalnega modela reliefa v programu QGIS 3.4, kjer sem izdelal končno inženirsko-geološko in geomorfološko karto v merilu 1 : 7500. Izračunal sem sedanji volumen sedimentnega telesa fosilnega gruščnatega plazu, ki je odložen v zaledju strelišča.
Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da je v okolici fosilnega plazu Mlake veliko izvirov vode, ki imajo morebiten vpliv na pritok v spodnjem delu plazu, kjer je strelišče vkopano v vznožje pobočja. Voda, ki zaliva strelišče prihaja tako iz tektonsko pretrtega fliša, kot tudi na meji z zgoraj ležečim pobočnim gruščem fosilnega plazu.The studied area is located in the Upper Vipava valley, in South-Western Slovenia. The research covered a wider area of the Mlake military shooting range, which is located near the H4 Razdrto–Vipava road at the foothills of mountain Nanos. Tectonic deformations in the underlying rocks occur due to the specific geological situation of the area, where Mesozoic carbonates are thrusted onto Paleogene siliciclastic rocks. The erosion of the carbonate rocks, in combination with steep slopes, causes extensive gravel deposits near the bottom of the Upper Vipava valley. The groundwater therefore prefers to flow at the boundary between the upper layers which consist of highly permeable gravel, and the lower flysch layers, which have low permeability values.
In 2008, the Slovenian Army acquired a new shooting range in Mlake, which is dug into the slope at its North-Eastern corner. After each major rainfall event, despite the installation of drainage shafts and pipes, problems with rising groundwater level and, as a result, leaks occurred shortly after its construction.
The geological and geomorphological characteristics of the area were determined through field mapping which included the study of the position and orientation of flysch and slope deposits at the edge of the Mlake shooting range. Lidar and digital elevation model processing techniques in QGIS 3.4 were utilized in the construction of the final geological-engineering and geomorphological map in the scale of 1 : 7500. To further complement the constructed map, I also calculated the current volume of the deposited fossil landslide that consists of gravel and is located at the edge of the Mlake shooting range.
The results of the field work show a large number of springs located in the fossil landslide area. These springs could possibly represent an inflow of water into the lower parts of the landslide, exactly where the shooting range is dug into the foot of a slope. The water causing the flooding of the shooting range, originates from the boundary between the lower tectonically fractured less permeable flysch and the upper fossil landslide consisting of more permeable gravel
Hydromorphic features of Plio-Quarternary wetland paleosoils in area of motorway section Cogetinci – Vučja vas
No full textMed gradnjo avtocestnega odseka Cogetinci–Vučja Vas je bilo detajlno sedimentološko evidentiranih več deset metrov izpostavljenih profilov domnevno pliokvartarnih aluvialnih plasti. Z analizo granulometrijske ter mineraloške sestave, ter z ozirom na stratigrafijo, smo definirali sedimentacijsko okolje, nadalje pa smo z morfološko in elementno analizo prepoznali in opisali hidromorfne oblike ter razpravljali o njihovem nastanku.
Sklepamo, da gre v našem primeru za del aluvialnega sistema, ki ga karakterizirajo relativno stabilna rečna korita z občasnimi razlivi čez obrežne nasipe oziroma s prebojem skoznje. Z oddaljevanjem od glavnega korita je naplavljanje počasno, a stabilno, v naplavinah pa se sistematično zmanjšuje velikost zrn, kar pogojuje nastanku razmeroma anaerobnih okolij. Posledično so se v proksimalnem delu glede na korito tvorila sestavljena tla s slabo izraženimi profili, z oddaljevanjem od korita pa so nastajali kumulativni profili. Kljub slabši razvitosti paleotal, na kar pričata skorajšnja odsotnost talnih horizontov in ohranjena sedimentološka stratifikacija, ta kažejo redoksimorfne oblike, ki jih uporabimo za identifikacijo mokriščnih tal. Nastanejo z redukcijo železovih (Fe) in manganovih (Mn) oksidov in hidroksidov, ki so nato transportirani in reoksidirani v območjih kjer je prisoten kisik. Ločimo tri kategorije redoksimorfnih oblik, ki jih povzemamo iz tuje literature in smo jim nadeli slovensko terminologijo, in sicer: a) redoks osiromašenje, b) redoks obogatitev in c) reducirana osnova. Pri psevdogleju, ki karakterizira obravnavana paleotla, ta večino leta niso bila zasičena z vodo. Voda je občasno stagnirala v slabo prepustnih plasteh zgornjega dela paleotalnega profila, zaradi česar so bile te reducirane, Fe in Mn pa sta se pomikala proti prezračenim koreninskim kanalom kjer sta oksidirala. Skozi bolj prepustne plasti v spodjih delih profila je voda iskala pot v večjih makroporah oziroma koreninskih kanalih in jih reducirala, tok vode pa ni vplival na osnovo, ki je ostala oksidirana in je akumulirala še več Fe, Mn in gline, ko so ti prodirali skoznjo.During the construction of the Cogetinci-Vučja Vas highway section, tens of meters of exposed profiles of presumably Plio-Quaternary alluvial layers were recorded in detail. By analyzing the granulometric and mineralogical composition and considering the stratigraphy, we defined the sedimentation environment, furthermore, by morphological and elemental analysis, we identified and described hydromorphic features and discussed their origin.
We conclude that the studied case defines a part of the alluvial system, which is characterized by relatively stable riverbeds with occasional spills over the embankments or by breaking through them. With distance from the main channel, deposition is slow but stable, and alluvium systematically thins and decreases in grain size, which favours the formation of relatively anaerobic environments. As a result, composite soils with poorly defined profiles are formed proximal to main channel, while cumulative profiles are formed in the distal part. Despite the poor development of paleosols, as evidenced by the near absence of soil horizons and by preserved sedimentological stratification, they contain redoximorphic features that are used to identify wetland soils. They are formed by the reduction of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxides and hydroxides, which are then transported and reoxidized in areas where oxygen is present. We distinguish three categories of redoximorphic features, which are taken from foreign literature and given Slovenian terminology, namely: a) redox concentration, b) redox depletion and c) reduced matrix. In the case of surface water gley, which characterizes the studied paleosoils, these were not saturated with water for most of the year. Water occasionally stagnated in the poorly permeable layers of the upper part of the paleosoil profile, as a result of which they were reduced, and Fe/Mn moved towards the aerated root channels where they oxidized. Through the more permeable layers in the lower parts of the profile, water found its way in the larger macropores or root channels and reduced area around them, but the water flow did not affect the soil matrix, which remained oxidized and accumulated even more Fe, Mn and clay as they penetrated through
Sedimentological analysis of carbonate breccia of deep - seated rotational landslide in Rebrnice area
No full textNa območju Rebrnic, ki se nahajajo na severovzhodnem pobočju Zgornje Vipavske doline, so odloženi sedimenti številnih recentnih in fosilnih poligenetskih plazov. Na tem območju so mezozojski karbonati Hrušiškega pokrova narinjeni na terciarne flišne kamnine Snežniškega pokrova. Matično podlago Rebrnic predstavljajo meljevci, peščenjaki, laporovci in redke debelejše kalciturbiditne plasti. Čez flišno podlago so odloženi stratificirani, po sestavi kompleksni kvartarni nanosi.
Plazovi na tem območju so nastali z različnimi mehanizmi transporta in sedimentacijskimi procesi. Na pobočjih se pojavljajo sedimenti drobirskih in blatno-drobirskih tokov in plazov, zrnskih tokov, kot tudi globokih rotacijskih in rotacijsko translacijskih plazov.
V okviru magistrskega dela smo analizirali plastnate karbonatne breče globokega rotacijskega plazu v zaledju sedimentnega telesa Šumljak 3, čigar posebnost je več odlomnih robov. Breče, ki gradijo plaz, nastopajo v plasteh z izmerjenim vpadom plastnatosti do 60°, kar nakazuje rotacije posameznih blokov. Breče so nastale kot posledica litifikacije materiala melišč, več odlomnih robov pa pomeni več sekundarnih rotacijskih plazov. Izdvojenih je bilo 10 blokov karbonatnih breč, vsem je bila izmerjena topografska višina, debelina paketa plasti in plastnatost na mestih, kjer je bila vidna. Na štirih lokacijah so bili odvzeti orientirani vzorci.
Breče so močno porozne, pore so zapolnjene s karbonatnim vezivom, ki ponekod nastopa v obliki sige. Klasti so večinoma mikritni in neenakomernih velikosti, največje zrno iz odvzetih vzorcev meri okrog štiri cm.
V vzorcih so bili opisani cementi, ki nastopajo kot vezivo v medzrnskem prostoru. V zbruskih so bile evidentirane do štiri generacije cementov. Pojavljajo se mikritni, mozaični, pasjezobi, mikrostalaktitni cement, mikrosparitni do sparitni obrobni cement, ponekod je prisotna tudi muljasta osnova, pojavljajo se tudi lehnjaki.
V prvi generaciji vedno nastopa mikritni cement, ponekod je ob njem prisoten tudi mikrostalaktitni cement, običajno se ob njem pojavlja bela linija (mikrosparitni do sparitni obrobni cement), ki na videz ločuje mikritni in mikrostalaktitni cementv tretji generaciji povečini nastopa mozaični cement, običajno se prične kot drobnozrnat, velikost zrn pa proti sredini naraščav tretji generaciji nastopa tudi pasjezobi cement, kateremu velikost zrn ponekod tudi narašča proti sredini, v prisotnosti pasjezobega cementa mozaični cement predstavlja četrto generacijov nekaterih zbruskih se pojavlja tudi muljasta osnova v drugi, tretji oziroma zadnji, četrti generaciji. Prisotni so tudi lehnjaki, ti vedno predstavljajo najmlajšo, četrto generacijo.
Zrna v zbruskih so zelo raznolika, tako po velikosti kot sestavi, a so izključno karbonatna.Rebrnice area lies on the NE slopes of the Upper Vipava Valley. There are many slope deposits of recent and fossil polygenetic landslides. In this area, the Mesozoic carbonates of the Hrušica nappe are thrusted on the Tertiary flysch rocks of the Snežnik nappe. The base rocks of the Rebrnice are marls, sandstones and rare calciturbidite layers. Overlying the flysch bedrock are stratified, complex Quaternary deposits.
In this area, landslides were formed through various transport mechanisms and deposition processes, which include sediments of debris flow and avalanche, grain flow and also deep-seated rotational and translational landslides.
In my master’s thesis I have been discussing the Quaternary deposits, especially slope screes and gravels. The stratified carbonate breccias of the deep – seated rotational landslides in the hinterlands of the Šumljak 3 sedimentary body were analysed. The Šumljak 3 sedimentary body is defined by several steep scarps, which define the border of the body. The breccia appears in layers with an inclination of up to 60°, which indicate the rotation of separate breccia blocks. The breccia was formed as a result of partial lithification of the talus, multiple escarpments indicate multiple rotational landslides. Ten blocks of carbonate breccia were identified and their height and layering, where visible, was measured.
Porosity was observed at the macroscopic level, the pores being mostly filled with carbonate cements, occasionally in the form of a dripstone. The clasts are mostly composed of micritic cements and they are of irregular shape. The largest grain from the taken samples measures about four cm.
I have described cements that appear as binders inside the pores. Up to four generations of cements were recorded. The cements occuring in the samples are: micritic, microstalactitic, mosaic, microsparite and sparite, \u27\u27dog-toothed\u27\u27, mud matrix and tufa.
The first generation is always represented by micritic cement, outgrown with microstalacitic cement. These two are sometimes separated by a white line (microsparite or sparite cement). The third generation is usually represented by mosaic cement, which begins to grow fine grained, the size of the grains often increases towards the centre of the pore. The same goes with dog tooth cement, it also represents the third generation, in this case the mosaic cement growing out of the dog-tooth cement represents the fourth generation. Sometimes the muddy matrix appears in the second, third or fourth generation. Tufa is present occasionally and it represents the youngest, fourth generation.
The grains vary greatly in size and composition, but they are composed entirely of carbonate
Geomorphological analysis of ground fissures in Šaleška lake area
Get PDFRudarska dejavnost je v Šaleški dolini prisotna že okoli 150 let in je kot takšna glavna eksogena preoblikovalna sila na tem območju. Najbolj očiten geomorfološki element delovanja premogovnika je ugrezanje površja, ki je prisotno na širšem območju izkoriščanja premoga. Ena od značilnih geomorfnih oblik procesa ugrezanja so površinske razpoke, ki nastajajo na obrobju deformiranega območja. Analiza in opazovanje teh razpok bi lahko prispevala k boljšemu upravljanju okolja na vplivnem območju Premogovnika Velenje. V diplomski nalogi smo ugotovili, da je mogoče s pomočjo analiz daljinskega zaznavanja prepoznati in spremljati razpoke ter območje ugrezanja. Z analizo digitalnih modelov višin (DMV), ki so bili posneti v različnih časovnih obdobjih, smo lahko določili meje ugrezninskega bazena ter določili vlogo površinskih razpok v njem. Te se pojavljajo znotraj bazena in gradijo njegov rob. Z analizo reliefne izoblikovanosti smo z različnimi metodami analizirali proučevano območje in pri tem uporabili senčeni model reliefa (ang. hillshade), razgibanost površja (ang. Terrain Ruggedness Index – TRI), topografski položaj (Topographic Position Index - TPI), usmerjenost pobočja (ang. Aspect) in hrapavost površja (ang. Roughness). Na osnovi analiz površja smo prepoznali razpoke in jih ločili od ostalih naravnih in antropogenih geomorfnih elementov na območju ter izdelali geomorfološko karto ugrezninskih elementov na območju šaleških jezer (območje v obliki pravokotnika s koordinatami ogljišč (WGS84): 15° 05\u27 33.77\u27\u27, 46° 23\u27 25.90\u27\u2715° 05\u27 33.69\u27\u27, 46° 22\u27 37.32\u27\u2715° 03\u27 13.35\u27\u27, 46° 23\u27 26.00\u27\u2715° 03\u27 13.30\u27\u27, 46° 22\u27 37.41\u27\u27). Z izdelavo različnih zemljevidov ter njihovo vizualno analizo je bilo ugotovljeno, da je za prepoznavanje in opisovanje posameznih ugrezninskih razpok najbolje uporabna analiza TRI. Pri tej metodi je razločevanje med hrapavimi geomorfnimi oblikami najbolj jasno, saj hrapavi elementi v primerjavi z drugimi metodami najbolje izstopajo. Vsekakor pa je mogoče razpoke dobro prepoznavati tudi s pomočjo ostalih produktov daljinskega zaznavanja, kot sta senčeni model reliefa in ortofoto posnetek.Mining has been present in the Šalek Valley for about 150 years and is therefore, the most important exogenous geomorphic force in the area. The most obvious geomorphological element in the valley is subsidence of the surface, which is present in the wider area of coal exploitation. One of the typical geomorphological forms of the subsidence process are the ground fissures that are formed at the outskirts of the deformed area. The analysis and observation of these cracks could lead to better environmental management in the influential area of the Velenje coal mine. In the diploma thesis, we found out that with the help of remote sensing products we can identify and monitor cracks and the subsidence basin. By analysing digital elevation models (DEM) recorded at different times, we were able to determine the boundaries of the subsidence basin and determine the role of ground fissures in this basin. With a number of DEM analyses, which are hillshade, Terrain Ruggedness Index-TRI, Topographic position Index-TPI, Aspect and Roughness, we identified cracks and separated them from other geomorphic elements in the area (natural and anthropogenic). The product was a geomorphological map of subsidence elements in the Šalek Lakes area (area in between coordinates (WGS84): 15° 05\u27 33.77\u27\u27, 46° 23\u27 25.90\u27\u2715° 05\u27 33.69\u27\u27, 46° 22\u27 37.32\u27\u2715° 03\u27 13.35\u27\u27, 46° 23\u27 26.00\u27\u2715° 03\u27 13.30\u27\u27, 46° 22\u27 37.41\u27\u27). Of all analyses, the identification of fissures proved TRI to be the best. However this works most effectively compared to other analyses, such as Senčen relief and TPI, Orthophoto imagery and DEM differences, if available
Transport mechanisms and depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit in Rebrnice area
Get PDFIn order to understand the gravity process of recent landslides it is important to explore fossil\ud
landslides, which occurred during the near and distant geological past. Fossil, especially sub recent\ud
landslides can show us unstable and potentially dangerous areas to which we should pay attention\ud
today. A unique insight into different slope processes in nature is certainly Rebrnice area, where you\ud
can research the characteristics of the fossil landslides while observing the activity of the recent\ud
landslidess. The slope deposit in the Rebrnice area were described and mapped by many authors but\ud
nobody has covered the transport mechanisms and depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit\ud
in detail. This doctoral thesis presents the study of slope deposit elaborated with the geologicalgeomorphological\ud
approach. With the visual interpretation of the shaded digital elevation model and\ud
indicator of surface roughness, which are calculated from the data of airborne laser scanning in the\ud
combination of geological mapping, we can in most cases clearly identify the form of the prevalence\ud
and surface characteristics of individual sedimentary bodies. On the basis of the lithological,\ud
stratigraphic and architectural characteristics of the slope deposit 16 facies were separated, indicating\ud
the final articles of diverse sedimentary processes within complex and often interlaced and\ud
interdependent transport mechanisms. Results described in this work, and a comprehensive review of\ud
the available data and literature have made it possible to understand the transport mechanisms and the\ud
depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit in the Rebrnice area and thereby allow new insight\ud
into slope movement throughout the northern area of the Vipava Valley
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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