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Tools used in nature photography: disturbances to species and prevention methods
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Loodusturismi õppekavalLoodusfotograafial on oluline ja mitmekülgne roll nii hariduslikus, teaduslikus kui ka kultuurilises kontekstis. Loodusfotod säilitavad väärtusi. Töö eesmärgiks on teada saada loodusfotograafias kasutatavate abivahendite mõju liikidele, uurida selle ulatust ning vähendamisvõimalusi. Lisaks hinnata fotograafias tajutavaid probleeme. Uurimisküsimustele vastuste saamiseks kasutas autor kvantitatiivset uurimismeetodit, mille raames viis läbi ankeetküsitluse. Töö tulemusena selgus, et häiringuid liikidele ilmeb. Fotograaf kahjustab ebasobiva käitumisega liikide elutegevusi negatiivselt. Ebapiisav distants loomaga, peibutusvahendite kasutamine, sobimatu droonide lennutamine põhjustab loomadele stressi. Positiivne on loodusfotodest tulenev hariduslik aspekt. Probleemina nähti menukate sihtkohtade massturismi teket ning loodusfotode saamise eesmärgi muutust. Mistõttu võiks edaspidi täpsemalt uurida, millistes populaarsemates piirkondades on tajutud negatiivseid mõjusid, kas droonide hooletu kasutamine on loodusfotograafias probleemiks ning milliste probleemideni viib loodusfoto eesmärgi muutumine.Nature photography plays an important and multifaceted role in educational, scientific, and cultural contexts. Nature photographs preserve values. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of tools used in nature photography on species, to investigate the extent of these impacts, and to explore mitigation possibilities. Additionally, the study aims to assess perceived problems in photography. To answer the research questions, the author used a quantitative research method, conducting a survey. The results revealed that disturbances to species do occur. Photographers negatively affect the life activities of species through inappropriate behavior. Insufficient distance from animals, the use of bait, and improper drone operation cause stress to animals. A positive aspect of nature photographs is their educational value. However, the rise of mass tourism at popular destinations and the shift in the purpose of obtaining nature photos were seen as problems. Therefore, future research should more precisely examine which popular areas are experiencing negative impacts, whether careless drone usage is a problem in nature photography, and what issues arise from the changing objectives of nature photography
Need an Principles of Best Practice Supporting Sustainable Nature Tourism on an Example of Estonian Stakeholders
Get PDFTöö eesmärk oli välja selgitada Eesti loodusturismifirmade, avaliku sektori asutuste ning
erialaorganisatsioonide teadlikkust jätkusuutliku loodusturismi mõistest ning nende hinnang
seda toetava ühtse hea tava ja eetika põhimõtete välja töötamisest.
Töö teoreetilises osas analüüsiti erialakirjandust ja teadusartikleid, millega näidati jätkusuutliku
turismi seoseid eetika ja hea tava põhimõtetega. Töö praktilises osas viidi läbi
veebipõhine ankeetküsitlus, mis koostati teoreetilises osas kogutud- ja ekspertidega läbi
viidud intervjuudest saadud andmete põhjal. Küsitluse käigus selgitati välja vastajate
teadlikkus jätkusuutliku loodusturismi mõistest, komponentidest ja nende omavahelisest
tasakaalust ning suhtumine hea tava ja eetika vajalikkusesse.
Andmete analüüsist järeldus, et jätkusuutliku loodusturismi mõiste oli tuttav ja seda
moodustavat kolme komponenti oskas välja tuua veidi üle 50% vastajatest. Kõik ülejäänud
vastajad nimetasid jätkusuutlikku turismi komponendina ainult looduskeskkonna. Sellest
järeldub, et jätkusuutlikuse mõiste vajab laiemat tutvustamist ja tasakaal kolme komponendi
vahel on kaldunud looduskeskkonna poole, mida kinnitas ka kirjandusallikate analüüs. Hea
tava- ja eetikapõhimõtete välja töötamise vajalikkust hinnati kõrgeks, kuid eelistati hea tava
põhimõtete loomist. Nende põhimõtete loomise vajadust seostati loodusturismi valdkonna
tegevusraamistiku kujunemisega, usalduse kasvuga, maine parandamisega ja sotsiaalse
kontrolli mehhanismi moodustumisega. Eetiliste põhimõtete välja töötamises hinnati kasuna
sihtkoha imago tõusu, sisendit kaalutlusotsuste tegemiseks ja seadustes esinevate võimalike
hallide alade täitmist.
Koostöö vajadust hindasid kõrgelt avalikku sektorit esindanud vastajad, keskmisest
madalamalt loodusturismi ettevõtjad ja erialaorganisatsioonid, kuid tulemused näitavad, et
koostöövalmidus on kõigil osapooltel olemas. Koostöö peamise vormina nähti loodusturismi
ettevõtteid ühendavat katusorganisatsiooni.
Hea tava, eetika ja ettevõtte tegevuspõhimõtteid kirjeldavate väidete analüüs kinnitas, et
vastajad hindavad jätkusuutliku looduskeskkonnaga seotud väiteid kõrgemalt, kui sotsiaalsevõi
majanduskeskkonnaga seotud väiteid.The purpose of this thesis was to investigate awareness of sustainable nature tourism and it’s
components (social, economical, environmental) as well the balance between those three
components . The need of ethical or best practice principles and evaluation of characteristics
that describe those principles was evaluated.
In the first, theoretical, part of thesis related literature and science articles containing similar
thematic was analyzed and links between sustainable tourism, ethics and best practice was
investigated. In practical part of the thesis the quantitative questionnaire, based on literature
analysis and expert interviews, was conducted.
Based on data analysis was shown that sustainable tourism was well-known term and all 3
components were mentioned by 50% of respondents. All other respondents, who did not know
all 3 components just mentioned environmental component. The need of best practice or
ethical principles was evaluated highly but best practice principles was preferred.
Respondents expressed that best practice would be needed to put certain frame around the
nature tourism service, increase of confidence, improvement of sector image and forming a
mechanism of social control over nature tourism product.
The need of cooperation between stakeholders was highly assessed by public sector
respondents and bit lower by nature tourism entrepreneurs and NGO’s. Still results show that
readiness for the co-operation is present by all stakeholders..
The analysis of best practice, ethics and nature tourism company operation principles
confirmed that respondents felt more empathy to environmental component of sustainable
tourism,
In conclusion can be said that term, components and balance between components of
sustainable tourism needs more clarification to stakeholders. All stakeholders have the will for
co-operation and implementation of best practices would have positive impact to economical-,
social- and environmental component
Potential of Nature Photo Tourism in Estonia
No full textLühikokkuvõte eesti keeles (max 1 A4 lk.):
Töö motiiviks oli analüüsida alternatiivset loodusturismi toodet, et pakkuda alternatiivi
olemasolevatele toodetele. Töö eesmärk on uurida loodusfototurismi pakkumise võimalusi
turistile Eestis. Selleks on käsitletud töö teoreetilisel poolel loodus- ja majanduskeskkonnast
tulenevaid eeldusi ja praktilise uuringu käigus küsitleti Euroopas loodusfototurismi retki
korraldavaid ettevõtteid, et nende kogemuste baasil teha järeldusi potensiaalsetest klientidest,
ootustest paketi sisule ja ülesehitusele. Uuringu tulemusena selgus, et loodusfotograafiast
huvitatud kliendid on valdavalt keskealised mehed, kes on fotograafiaoskustelt edasijõudnud
entusiastid. Põhiline potensiaalne kliendibaas asub Suurbritannias, Skandinaavias, Taanis ja
Hollandis. Ootused paketi sisule on tagasihoidlikud- lepitakse standardsete või odavate
majutus ja muude tingimustega, paketi ülesehituse osas oodatakse madalal tempol üles
ehitatud reisi, et oleks võimalik tegeleda fotograafiaga ja külsatatavatesse paikadesse süübida.
Samuti oodatakse võimalust tutvuda kohaliku kultuuriga. Uuringust ja teoreetilisest osast
järeldub, et Eestis on olemas head tingimused sellise toote pakkumiseks välisturistile ja selle
potensiaal vajab rakendamist. Suurimaks probleemiks on Eesti vähene tuntus kõrge
loodusturistliku potensiaaliga sihtkohana, kui ka reisisihtkohana üldiselt. Varasemate
uuringutega võrdlusvõimalus puudub kuna sarnaseid uuringuid ei ole otseselt läbi viidud.The purpose of this study was to analyse alternative nature tourism product and to offer
alternative to existing products. Analysing nature photo tourism product was a main goal for
this study. On the theoretical side both nature- and business enviroment preconditions have
been revied and in practical questionnaire companies from Europe, who are offering same
product gave their opinion about potential clients, expectations and structure about the
product based on their experience. The result of the study showed that potential clients are
mid-aged men, advanced enthusiast photographers. Main client base is located in UK,
Scandinavia, Denmark and Netherlands. Expectations to product is low, clients accept
standard conditions for accommodation and other conditions. The structure of the product
should be slow-paced tour for having plenty of time for photographing the enviroment and
explore the sights. Clients also wish to explore local culture. From the results of the
questionnaire and theoretical bases can be concluded that in Estonia there is all neccessary
potential to provide such products and it needs to be put into practice. Major problem is the
low reputation of Estonia as potential nature tourism destination as well as mass tourism
destination. Comparison with previous studies is impossible as there is no similar study
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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