1,720,952 research outputs found
Open innovation e patent: un'analisi comparata
Full text linkQuesta tesi si pone come obiettivo primario quello di esplorare le prospettive di riconciliazione di due mondi solitamente visti in insanabile antagonismo: la filosofia dell'Open Innovation e l'istituto brevettuale. Nonostante siano entrambi appartenenti al medesimo “terreno di gioco” – quello delle invenzioni, dello sviluppo tecnologico e del progresso – i fautori dell'Open Innovation hanno sempre guardato con diffidenza al patent, considerandolo uno strumento giuridico eccessivamente rigido e non suscettibile di essere utilizzato in un'ottica di apertura.
I primi due capitoli sono dedicati alla descrizione e all'approfondimento delle tematiche dell'Open Innovation e del brevetto per invenzione, al fine di fornire un quadro esauriente dei due poli della trattazione: nel primo capitolo si esamina il modello dell'Open Innovation, la sua evoluzione e le sue caratteristiche secondo Chesbrough ed altri suoi fautori, ma anche alcune critiche; inoltre, alcuni casi concreti aiutano a meglio comprendere gli effetti che un modello open può avere sulle imprese che lo adottano, rispetto a strategie di maggior chiusura. Il secondo capitolo si occupa invece del brevetto per invenzione, fornendo un'analisi della disciplina nazionale, internazionale, europea e statunitense e presentando le caratteristiche salienti di tale istituto della proprietà industriale. Si tratta di una figura fortemente armonizzata a livello internazionale, che tuttavia presenta alcuni interessanti spunti comparativi ove si mettano a confronto il sistema europeo e quello statunitense.Il terzo capitolo compie invece un doveroso approfondimento per quanto riguarda la brevettabilità di due categorie di invenzioni che negli ultimi decenni sono state, e sono tuttora, al centro del processo innovativo in ambito tecnologico: software e biotecnologie. Viene seguito un approccio incentrato sulle fonti normative e sulla casistica giurisprudenziale, mettendo a confronto l'evoluzione di tali settori tecnologici in ottica brevettuale, guardando al sistema europeo e a quello statunitense. Infine, gli ultimi due capitoli costituiscono il fulcro della trattazione: enucleano i principali punti di attrito tra Open Innovation e brevetti e tentano di fornire alcune soluzioni che si propongono di arginare tali problemi. La convivenza fra tali figure è infatti complicata dalla loro stessa natura, apparentemente antitetica: le caratteristiche proprie del brevetto rischiano infatti di generare una sedimentazione di titoli di proprietà industriale (c.d. patent thicket), la quale finisce per porre un freno all'innovazione e al progresso, impedendo lo sfruttamento e il miglioramento dell'invenzione.
Alcune soluzioni che vengono proposte si avvalgono dello strumento della licenza per rendere maggiormente elastico l'istituto brevettuale: cross licences e patent pools consentono infatti una maggior circolazione delle invenzioni protette da brevetto, permettendo così l'implementazione di strategie di Open Innovation nonostante la presenza di titoli di privativa. Le ultime soluzioni presentate, invece, incidono maggiormente sulla natura del brevetto e relative licenze, prevedendo due modalità “creative” mediante le quali la conoscenza e la tecnologia potranno circolare senza eccessivi impedimenti; si tratta della Defensive Patent License e dei quasi- e semi-patents, figure che costituiscono i Partial Patents. Nonostante questi ultimi siano istituti che necessitano di transitare da una dimensione ancora principalmente teorica ad un'effettiva loro messa in pratica, hanno tutte le carte in regola per poter edificare un solido ponte che colleghi il mondo dell'Open Innovation a quello del brevetto, con grandi benefici per la certezza del diritto, la collettività e l'innovazione
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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