1,720,969 research outputs found
Improving fire blight resistance in susceptible apple cultivars by different biotechnological approaches
Full text linkFire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (E. amylovora), is one of the most economically important apple (Malus x domestica) pathogens worldwide. Various chemical and biological approaches can be applied to deal with the disease, but none of these is decisive. Such strategies are also prohibited in many countries due to their potential impact on human health and environment. To date, the most efficient strategy for controlling E. amylovora is thus to breed resistant/tolerant apple cultivars by manipulating one or multiple plant genes, which are associated with resistance or susceptibility to the disease. Within this context, classical breeding or genetic engineering can be applied. While conventional breeding is still considered a time-consuming and
laborious process, genetic engineering methodologies represent rapid, precise and powerful alternatives to insert the desired trait into the crop of interest. In this thesis, we exploit different biotechnological approaches on the one hand to improve fire blight resistance trait by knocking-out a known susceptibility gene and on the other hand to investigate potential disease-related key genes.
At first, we develop a CRISPR/Cas9-FLP/FRT-based gene editing system, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to knock-out the fire blight susceptibility gene MdDIPM4 and generate apple (‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) cultivars with reduced susceptibility to the disease and a minimal trace of exogenous DNA. Several transgenic lines were screened by sequencing to identify mutations in MdDIPM4. An editing efficiency of 75% was observed. Candidate lines showing loss-of-function mutation were inoculated with E. amylovora and a significant reduction (of about 40%) in disease symptoms was observed compared to wild-type plants. No CRISPR/Cas9 off-targeting activity was detected in five potential off-target regions. Thus, with the aim of removing the ‘entire’ T-DNA in those lines with reduced susceptibility to the pathogen, the FLP/FRT system was induced and the excision of the T-DNA was validated. This work demonstrates for the first time the development and application of a CRISPR/Cas9-FLP/FRT-based editing system for the production of ‘clean’ fire blight resistant apple cultivars
Secondly, we investigate the apple miRNA MdmiR285N which is predicted to play a key role in the post-transcriptional regulation of 35 RNA transcripts coding for different disease resistance proteins. A complex network of potential transcriptional regulatory elements involved in plant growth and development, and in response to different hormones and stress conditions has been identified in MdmiR285N promoter in both apple and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, Spatio-temporal expression of MdmiR285N has been assessed in plants at physiological growth conditions and in response to bacterial pathogens. Our results suggest that MdmiR285N is a multifunctional microRNA which may control different processes, such as biotic stress response, plant growth and development. In parallel, a methodological work has been carried out for a precise and rapid characterization of the transgenic apple lines produced. A quantitative, rapid and cost-effective method has been developed, based on real-time PCR to quantify the copy number of nptII marker gene in apple lines and to evaluate its elimination after the activation of the recombinase system. This method may be valuable for those institutions committed to tracing ‘gmo’ apple products
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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