1,720,963 research outputs found
Copulation Call in Female Hamadryas Baboons (Papio hamadryas): Adaptive Function and Information Content
Get PDFThesis Project submitted to the Faculty of Government at Universidad del Desarrollo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Social Complexity SciencesIntroduction: In primates, copulation calls are vocalizations emitted by females at the end of copulation, being common in promiscuous species organized in multi-male, multi-female groups.
These calls are thought to increase male competition for access to females, enhancing either male guarding or sperm competition around ovulation, which could respectively increase or confuse paternity certainty and reduce the risk of infanticide. Female hamadryas baboons also produce these calls. However, this species is organized in one-male units, where leader males sexually monopolize the females in their units, resulting in high paternity certainty. Therefore, these vocalizations appear to provide no obvious benefit in hamadryas baboons regarding risk of infanticide, raising the question of their role in this species.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the adaptive function of copulation calls in hamadryas baboons by examining their use (chapter 2) and the information they convey (chapter 3). We propose that if these vocalizations increase male competition in other primate species, in hamadryas baboons, they might be related to the coercive takeovers of females, as this is the primary consequence of male competition.
Methods: This study was based on an observational design using behavioral sampling to collect data on copulations and their acoustic behavior in the Hamadryas baboon colony at Madrid Zoo during July and September 1999. Additionally, previous databases from the colony’s longitudinal study and grooming interaction records were included. Using these data, we analyzed the presence of copulation calls in each event, their acoustic structure, the male’s and female’s social status, the occurrence of ejaculation, the female’s reproductive status, the presence of related females in the unit, and female transfers to other units.
Results: We observed that copulation calls are more likely in peripheral females within large units and central females in small units, occurring more frequently when the male ejaculates and during female’s maximal sexual swelling. These vocalizations were also associated with an increased likelihood of females transferring to other units, although such transfers occurred only in females belonging to small units. On the other hand, no evidence was found that copulation calls convey nformation about the male’s or female’s social status, but they did convey information about male ejaculation. Furthermore, significant acoustic variability was observed among females.
Conclusion: We conclude that copulation calls in hamadryas baboons are used and contain information different from that observed in other primates with promiscuous mating systems, suggesting a potentially distinct adaptive role. The evidence indicates that these vocalizations might be primarily related to promoting female transfers to other units, where their reproductive success could be increased. However, due to the limitations of our study, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn, and we highlight the need for longitudinal studies with longer observation periods to better understand their function
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
From sex differences in aggression to intergroup conflict and cooperation: the history that hides women behavior
Get PDFTesis presentada a la Facultad de Gobierno de la Universidad del Desarrollo para optar al grado académico de Doctor en Ciencias de la Complejidad SocialIntergroup conflict has been a persistent aspect of human societies since the emergence of our species. Various researchers have proposed that competition between groups has acted as a key selective force throughout human evolutionary history. Such intergroup competition for limited resources
18 exacerbated the expression of intergroup aggression and intragroup cooperation.
Furthermore, it would have a sexual dimorphism, with men demonstrating increased sensitivity to conflict threats—in order to maximize reproductive
opportunities—, while women generally reject from active engagement in intergroup conflict. In the present study, we conducted behavioral experiments
under controlled laboratory conditions to measure cooperation and aggression from using virtual games, specifically the Public Good Games and the Point
Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, in a sample of 541 participants. We created control and experimental intergroup competition scenarios, where aggression and cooperation were necessary to increase monetary rewards. Our results shows that men modulate aggression and cooperation in the presence of intergroup conflict. In addition, our data also reveals that women cooperate more than men and display heightened levels of cooperation and aggression when confronted with intergroup conflict. These findings prompt a reevaluation of current functional theoretical models concerning the role of women in intergroup conflict and suggest that the dynamics of human aggression and cooperation may be more nuanced than previously believed
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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