1,722,130 research outputs found
Application of a challenge model to assess the protective efficacy of oral typhoid vaccines in humans
Full text linkHuman infection by Salmonella Typhi has been occurring for the last 50,000 years and still accounts for ∼ 22million new cases each year worldwide. Through faeco-oral transmission, this human-restricted infection disproportionately affects the most impoverished sections of endemic communities where adequate sanitation infrastructure and effective vaccination approaches are lacking. Development of new control measures to accurately measure the burden of disease and to prevent infection with new vaccine candidates are hindered by an incomplete understanding of host-pathogen interactions and of what constitutes a protective human response after exposure. In this thesis I describe the practical application of a recently developed human challenge model of typhoid infection in assessing new control measures, including the evaluation of the oral single-dose vaccine candidate, M01ZH09. In performing a large, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, I was able to measure the direct protective efficacy (PE) of vaccination with either M01ZH09 or 3-dose Ty21a by performing human challenge with 104CFU Salmonella Typhi, Quailes strain, 28-days later. Using clinical and microbiological definitions to confirm typhoid diagnosis during a 14-day period after ingestion, I found insignificant levels of protection afforded by a single dose of M01ZH09 (12.9%), and a low PE after Ty21a vaccination (35%), demonstrating the stringency of the model and the endpoints used. Many additional insights into pathogen dynamics and host responses were found highlighting several important characteristics of oral vaccination. M01ZH09 was highly immunogenic, and both active vaccines significantly reduced bacterial burden (bacteraemia and stool shedding) while having no effect on symptomatic severity of infection in those diagnosed. M01ZH09 receipt resulted in a significantly longer incubation period, suggesting underlying protective responses were being generated. Further findings included the first objective demonstration of primary bacteraemia occurring after typhoid exposure, and frequent asymptomatic infection or stool shedding in those exposed but remaining well. Overall, these data also demonstrated significant protective effects against challenge by anti-Vi antibody status and age at baseline. Taking these factors into account, M01ZH09 and Ty21a vaccination did convey an overall protective advantage against developing typhoid infection, each reducing the risk of diagnosis by ~two-fold during the challenge period
Readings for Reflective Teaching in Further, Adult and Vocational Education
No full textReadings for Reflective Teaching in Further, Adult and Vocational Education is a unique portable library of exceptional readings drawing together seminal extracts and contemporary literature from international sources from books and journals to support both initial study and extended career-long professionalism for further, adult and vocational education practitioners. Introductions to each reading highlight the key issues explored and explain the status of classic works.
This book, along with the core text and associated website, draw upon the work of Andrew Pollard, former Director of the TLRP, and the work of many years of accumulated understanding of generations of further, adult and vocational professionals.
Readings for Reflective Teaching in Further, Adult and Vocational Education, the core text, Reflective Teaching in Further, Adult and Vocational Education, and the website, provide a fully integrated set of resources promoting the expertise of further, adult and vocational professionals.
The associated website, www.reflectiveteaching.co.uk offers supplementary resources including reflective activities, research briefings and advice on further readings. It also features a glossary of educational terms, links to useful websites and showcases examples of excellent research and practice.
This book forms part of the Reflective Teaching series, edited by Andrew Pollard and Amy Pollard, offering support for reflective practice in early, primary, secondary, further, vocational, university and adult sectors of education
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Pollard, Andrew
No full textSee entry in Cleburne County, volume 1, page 2: https://digital.archives.alabama.gov/digital/collection/voter1867/id/69
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Pollard, Andrew
No full textSee entry in Jones County, volume 1, page 9: https://digital.archives.alabama.gov/digital/collection/voter1867/id/311
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