1,721,052 research outputs found
Doble abuso de autoridad
No full textImpreso en el que Policarpo M. Flórez, jefe departamental de Occidente, se defiende de las acusaciones que en su contra ha formulado Dociteo Roncancio, en el pleito que ambos siguen por injurias y abuso de autoridad.
En el documento, que conserva la ortografía de la época, se incluyen las cartas, libelos y demandas del proceso
Effect of rootstock vigor and in-row spacing on stem and root growth, conformation, and dry-matter distribution of young apple trees
No full textThe effects of M.9 and MM.106 rootstocks and in-row spacing (0.4, 0.7, and 1 m) on the vegetative behavior of three-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees were studied. Analysis of digital images was used to estimate canopy and root growth and conformation (shape and size), whereas dry matter distribution was used to determine partitioning to various plant parts. Trees on less vigorous M.9 rootstocks showed reduced stem and root growth as they produced less and/or shorter shoots and less and/or shorter and thinner roots. Canopy spread area (CSA) and volume were similar for trees on both rootstocks and differences in stem length density (stem length per unit canopy volume; SLD) compensated for the difference in stem growth. For M.9 roots, the decrease in growth was reflected in the reduction in root spread area (RSA), which was not compensated for by the increase in root length density (root length per unit RSA; RLD). Trees on M.9 allocated more dry matter to above-ground structures, whereas trees on MM.106 partitioned more to roots. Leaf to root surface area ratio (L:R) was also greater for trees on M.9. Stems of trees grown 0.4 m apart weighed less because they were thinner, whereas the same trees produced less and/or shorter, but thicker roots, which resulted in similar root dry weights for trees at all spacings. Canopy height increased with spacing for trees on M.9, whereas it was negatively related to spacing for MM.106. CSA was rounder at the wider spacings and exceeded the allotted soil surface at the closest one. For three-year-old apple trees, optimal in-row spacing (no shoot overlap and full coverage of allotted space) was about 0.7 m for M.9 and 0.8 m for MM.106. RSA was also rounder at the larger spacings, but never filled the allotted space. Dry matter distribution was significantly influenced by spacing, and root to shoot ratio (R:S) was highest at the widest spacing. The vegetative behavior of young apple trees was influenced by both rootstock vigor and tree spacing. Also, trees on the M.9 rootstock reflected greater ability to compete for available resources and adapt to space confinement and, therefore, may represent a better option for cultivation of apple in the settings and at the planting densities considered
Foliar fertilization and bunch thinning of 'cabernet sauvignon' grapes
No full textIn wine grapes, bunch thinning at veraison is used to increase uniformity and quality of final product, at the expense of final yield. The aim of this study was to verify whether foliar fertilization could allow for quality improvements similar to those usually obtained with bunch thinning and at the same time maintain good yield. Three treatments were applied to non-fertilized and conventionally fertilized five-year-old spur-pruned vines of 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 1) a non-fertilized and non-thinned control (CTR), 2) a thinning treatment at veraison stage (TH), and 3) a foliar fertilization treatment with three applications starting after berry cell division phase (FOL). Yield of TH was lower than CTR and FOL, regardless of soil-fertilization treatment, whereas TH yield efficiency was reduced only in soil-fertilized vines. Soluble solid content of TH and FOL was higher than CTR only in non-fertilized vines, whereas acidity was generally highest in FOL. Both TH and FOL showed better coloring of berries (measured right after thinning) than CTR, regardless of soil-fertilization treatment. These results show that foliar fertilization may substitute for bunch thinning to improve berry quality and at the same time maintain yield of non-thinned vines
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Foliar Fertilization Timing in ‘Farmacista Honorati’ Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) Trees
No full textFour different timing/numbers of foliar fertilizer applications were tested on nine-year-old trees of ‘Farmacisti Honoraty’ kaki (Diospyros kaki L.) grown in northern Sicily. Trees were sprayed three times from 10 July to 3 August (EARLY), three times from 15 August to 8 September (LATE), and six times throughout the entire period (FULL) with Floral K (12-N:5-P:35-K and microelements). A fourth set of non-treated trees was used as control (CTR). Foliar nutrient content, yield and trunk circumference were measured during fall 2003. Fruit quality was determined on fruit matured on the tree or under controlled conditions. Foliar analysis showed similar N, P, Ca, Mg, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn content in leaves of all treatments, whereas CTR leaves exhibited the highest K content and EARLY leaves the lowest one. EARLY and LATE trees produced more than CTR trees, whereas yield efficiency was similar in all treatments. For tree ripe fruit, soluble solid content was highest in CTR, whereas fresh weight, acidity, and pH were similar in all treatments. In controlled ripening fruit, pH was lowest in CTR and highest in EARLY, whereas fresh weight, soluble solids and acidity were similar in all treatments. FULL and LATE anticipated fruit ripening compared to CTR, as shown by the higher percentage of tree ripe fruit on the first pick date. EARLY and LATE foliar fertilization increased yields and the reduced soluble solid content observed here may be attributable to the greater crop load. Also the lower K content in leaves of fertilized trees may be due to greater sink demand
Vegetative and Reproductive Behavior of 'Conference' and 'Williams' Pear Trees Trained to V-Shape System
No full textV-shape systems represent an efficient and popular option to increase yields and fruit quality. Here we present a detailed study on canopy and root system growth and conformation, yields, fruit quality and dry matter partitioning of 'Conference' (C) and 'Williams' (W) pear trees trained to V-shape system. Digital images were used to determine total stem and root length, mean diameter and surface area; canopy and root system spread area, shape index and volume, canopy height and root depth. Dry weights were used to calculate dry matter partitioning. Stems of W trees were longer and thinner than those of C, which resulted in similar stem dry weights for the two cultivars, whereas root dry weight of W was greater than C due to greater diameter. W canopies were also taller, wider, and occupied a larger volume than C canopies, but similar for length density (length/volume) and roundness of spread area. C root systems were shallower, wider, and similar to W root systems for volume, length density and roundness of spread area. W trees also had larger leaf area and leaf/root surface ratio than C trees. W trees produced higher yields than C trees, but exhibited the same fruit weight per unit leaf area. C fruit flesh was firmer than W fruit flesh, suggesting a different degree of ripeness between the two cultivars. Despite adjustment for the degree of ripeness, W fruit was bigger, but less sweet and more acidic than C fruit. C trees partitioned a greater proportion of dry matter to stems, a similar proportion to roots, and a smaller proportion to leaves and fruit than W trees. In the early stages of orchard life, W trees represent a generally more efficient option for pear cultivation using V-shape systems
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