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Tritogenia phinda Plisko 2005, sp. n.
No full textTritogenia phinda sp. n. <p>Fig. 8 Etymology: Named after the type locality Phinda.</p> <p>Description:</p> <p> External features: Body cylindrical, compact after preservation. Grey in life; whitishgrey when preserved in alcohol. Contracted during preservation, abscised holotype 55+ mm long, 5 mm wide at 10 and 6 mm in region of tubercula pubertatis. <i>Segment number</i>: 125+. <i>Prostomium</i>: prolobous, not clearly separated from first segment. <i>Segmentation</i>: secondary annulation present on preclitellar segments: 1–3 simple, with irregular longitudinal grooves; 4–9 with 2 simple ringlets with second ringlet shorter than first; segment 10, clitellar and postclitellar simple. <i>Setae</i>: minuscule, closely paired; in preclitellar segments noticeable on first ringlets of segments 4–9, and on segments 10–12. <i>Nephridial pores</i>: not observed. <i>Female pores</i>: externally not observed. <i>Male pores</i>: probably in intersegmental furrow 18/19. <i>Spermathecal pores</i>: externally not observed.</p> <p> Clitellar region (Fig. 8): <i>Clitellum</i>: saddle-shaped, segmented, white; on 12–26; laterally extends to <i>ab</i> setae. <i>Tubercula pubertatis</i>: on 20–24; right tuberculum developed as oblong glandular swellings randomly grooved by irregular shallow furrows running parallel with intersegmental furrows; left compact, with shallow furrows (deformation probably occurred during collection). <i>Papillae</i>: small blisters around <i>ab</i> setae on 8–18; on 19 and 25, 26 moderate swellings in front of and behind tubercula.</p> <p> Internal characters: <i>Septa</i>: 4/5, 5/6 thin, not thickened; 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 thickened moderately, not muscular, similar in thickness and appearance; 9/10 absent; other septa in preclitellar segments thin; in posterior segments slightly thicker. <i>Gizzard</i>: large, muscular, in 6–7; commencing in 6, extending to and occupying whole 7, terminating abruptly at septum 7/8; septum 6/7 attached to anterior part of gizzard. <i>Calciferous glands</i>: not stalked, in 9–10, separated dorsally and ventrally. <i>Intestine</i>: commences in 13, not clearly separated from thick oesophagus. Irregularly shaped diverticulum in segments 20–24. <i>Typhlosole</i>: commences in 20 as thick, V-shaped, gradually enlarging tube; terminates in 64. <i>Dorsal blood vessel</i>: double in 4–11 and when crossing septa 4/5–10/11; in 12 slightly enlarged, single; in following segments narrow, single. <i>Paired dorsoventral commissural vessels</i>: in 4–8 thin, gradually enlarging; in 9–11 thick, moniliform. <i>Nephridia</i>: Meronephridia; two pairs; ventral pairs close to median body-line, second pairs dorsally. <i>Male funnels</i>: holandric arrangement; similar size and appearance, in 10 and 11 respectively, free, iridescent. <i>Seminal vesicles</i>: two pairs; in 11 and 12 respectively. <i>Spermathecae</i>: clubshaped, small; in 9 one pair with ectal parts near intersegmental furrow 9/10; in 10 only one spermatheca at right side, with its ectal part at 10/11. <i>Ovaries</i>: not observed. <i>Genital glands</i>: not observed.</p> <p> Comparison and comments: <i>T. phinda</i> is unique in the genus for having the anterior pair of spermathecae located in intersegmental furrow 9/10. The clitellum located on segments 12–26 suggests similarity to <i>T</i>. <i>kruegeri</i> Plisko & Zicsi, 1991, although the position of the tubercula pubertatis on 19–24, and the number and position of spermathecae in segments 9 and 10 are different. Location of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows 9/10 and 10/11 is known only in species of <i>Proandricus</i> (Table 1), with no other external or internal similarity between them and <i>T. phinda.</i></p> <p> Holotype: clitellate, NMSA /Olig.03907: <i>KwaZulu-Natal</i>: Phinda (27.87726ºS: 32.33983ºE), 18.iii.2004 (Earthwatch Team 7, 15242).</p> <p> Biological notes and distribution: This species was found together with <i>Microchaetus natalensis</i>, <i>P. notabilis</i> sp. n., and juvenile specimens of <i>Proandricus</i> sp. This species is known only from the type locality in northern KwaZulu-Natal.</p>Published as part of <i>Plisko, Jadwiga Danuta, 2005, Five new South African earthworm species of the family Microchaetidae (Oligochaeta) with exceptional anatomical features, pp. 103-113 in African Invertebrates 46</i> on pages 112-113, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7666993">10.5281/zenodo.7666993</a>
Proandricus martensi Plisko 2002, sp. n.
No full textProandricus martensi sp. n. <p>(Fig. 7)</p> <p>Etymology: Named for Dr K. Martens from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Science, who assisted Dr M. Hamer of the School of Botany & Zoology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, in collecting the type specimen.</p> <p> Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: <i>KwaZulu-Natal</i>: Holotype NMSA /Olig.03525 clitellate, Drakensberg Gardens, Mzimkulwane area (29º42'S: 29º19'E) on surface of path during rainy day, 16 February 1998, M. Hamer and K. Martens leg. Paratypes: NMSA /Olig.03526 3 clitellate and 3 juvenile, Underberg area (29º46'S: 29º32'E), Tegwan Farm, from pasture at <i>ca.</i> 15 cm depth, 23 November 2001, A. Sanders leg.</p> <p>Description based on holotype and paratypes.</p> <p>External characters:</p> <p> <i>General</i>: Body cylindrical. <i>Colour</i>: Alcohol-preserved whitish-grey. <i>Dimensions</i>: Preserved holotype 115 mm long, 4 mm wide at segment 10, 6 mm at tubercula pubertatis; paratypes 92+ – 145 mm long, 7 mm wide at segment 10, 8 mm at tubercula pubertatis. <i>Segment number</i>: Holotype 326, paratypes (abscides197+) and 300. <i>Prostomium</i>: Prolobous, moderate. <i>Segmentation</i>: Secondary annulation present on preclitellar segments; 1 and 2 with longitudinal grooves; 3 simple, as long as first ringlet of segment 4; 4–8 with two simple ringlets, similar in size and appearance; 9 with two ringlets, second shorter than first; segments 10–12 and postclitellar simple. <i>Setae</i>: Small, closely paired; first pairs of <i>ab</i> on segment 3; on annulated segments on first ringlet; postclitellarly <i>ab</i> nearly equal to <i>cd</i>. <i>Nephridial pores</i>: Conspicuous, near <i>cd</i> setal lines; first pair in intersegmental furrow 3/4. <i>Female pores</i>: In 14, slightly below <i>ab</i> setae. <i>Male pores</i>: Externally not evident; probably in segment 18, or in intersegmental furrow 17/18 or 18/19, this position suggested by vasa deferentia entering body wall in segment 18. <i>Spermathecal pores</i>: In intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13.</p> <p> Clitellar region (Fig.7): <i>Clitellum</i>: Saddle-shaped, segmented; on holotype on 13–23 with clitellar tissues on segment 13 much thinner than on following clitellar segments; on paratypes all clitellar segments 13–23 evenly covered. On segments 13–16 and 20– 23 clitellar ventral edges extended nearly to <i>ab</i> setal lines; on 17–19 terminating at edges of tubercula pubertatis. <i>Tubercula pubertatis</i>: On segments 17–19, close to <i>ab</i> setae, a pair of narrow, swollen, segmented ridges extending longitudinally; segmented surfaces extending between lateral borders of ridges and clitellar borders becoming vertically stretched, curved and at joints with clitellum they modify into longitudinal cavities. On paratypes a ratio of the curved segmental surfaces converted into cavities varies; it could be due to different states of maturity. <i>Papillae</i>: On 10 and 11 paired, small swellings around <i>ab</i> setae; on 12 and 24 moderate in size, swollen tubercles containing <i>ab</i> setae; all associated with genital glands.</p> <p>Internal characters:</p> <p> <i>Septa</i>: 4/5 5/6 6/7 thin, not thickened; 7/8 and 8/9 thickened, muscular, similar in size and appearance; other septa thin, firm. <i>Gizzard</i>: In 7, muscular, posteriorly soft. <i>Calciferous glands</i>: In 9, globular, connected with oesophagus vertically; distantly separated dorsally and ventrally. <i>Intestine</i>: Commences in 13. <i>Typhlosole</i>: Commences in 13 as narrow V-shaped tube, gradually enlarging, and in segment 20 becoming large and U-shaped; terminates in holotype in 133, in paratypes 128–147. <i>Dorsal blood vessel</i>: In 4–7 double only in posterior parts of segments, not separated; in 8 double, separated; in 9 double, cordiform; single when crossing septa, in 10 and in the following segments. <i>Paired dorsoventral vessels</i>: Thin vessels in 5–8, enlarged, moniliform in 9–11. <i>Nephridia</i>: Meganephridia; coiled loops and V-shaped, short caeca.</p> <p> Reproductive organs: <i>Spermiductal funnels</i>: Proandric arrangement (in segment 10); one pair of large funnels enclosed in common sac; both funnels closely connected with seminal sacs at posterior part of segment 10; iridescence confirms presence of sperm. <i>Vasa deferentia</i>: Single ducts commence from spermiductal funnels at their lateral sides and run backward medially at each side of body to segment 18, where they enter body wall; it is difficult to determine exact entry to male pores because these are not marked externally; probably they are in intersegmental furrow 18/19 or 17/18. <i>Seminal vesicles</i>: One pair of moderate vesicles, anteriorly connected with spermiductal funnels at septum 10/11, and confined to segment 11. <i>Spermathecae</i>: Two pairs per segment near septa 11/12 and 12/13; tiny, irregularly shaped thecae; anterior pair much smaller than posterior. <i>Ovaries</i>: Not observed, covered by body wall tissue. <i>Genital glands</i>: In segments 12 and 24; paired, moderate in size and similar in appearance, two-folded, elongated glands, associated with papillae.</p> <p> Biological notes: Collected on outskirts of Drakensberg escarpment, in Afromontane forest with alien plantations of wattle and pine trees. Holotype associated with the new species <i>michelleae</i>, described below. Paratypes found in Drakensberg foothills were associated with the introduced species <i>Octolasion lacteum</i> (Oerley, 1885), which occurs commonly in the neighbouring pastures and grasslands.</p> <p> Discussion: <i>P</i>. <i>martensi</i> can be assigned to the <i>P</i>. <i>colletti</i> species-group, having only septa 7/8 and 8/9 thickened and spermathecal pores in two intersegmental furrows 11/ 12 and 12/13. Similar to my new species <i>michelleae</i>, but both species differ distinctly in the shape of the clitellum and tubercula pubertatis.</p>Published as part of <i>Plisko, Jadwiga Danuta, 2002, Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae), pp. 183-204 in African Invertebrates 43</i> on pages 194-196, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7666001">10.5281/zenodo.7666001</a>
Proandricus hlatikulu Plisko 2002, sp. n.
No full textProandricus hlatikulu sp. n. <p>(Fig. 3)</p> <p>Etymology: Named after the type locality, Hlatikulu Forest.</p> <p> Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: <i>KwaZulu-Natal</i>: Holotype: NMSA /Olig.03195 clitellate, Hlatikulu Forest (27º19'25"S: 31º59'42"E) under leaf-litter, 13 April 2000, R. Scott-Shaw leg.</p> <p>Description based on holotype.</p> <p>External characters:</p> <p> <i>General</i>: Body cylindrical. <i>Colour</i>: Alcohol-preserved yellowish-grey. <i>Dimensions</i>: Preserved and slightly contracted 130 mm long, 6 mm wide at segment 10, 9 mm at tubercula pubertatis. <i>Segment number</i>: 199. <i>Prostomium</i>: Prolobous. <i>Segmentation</i>: Secondary annulation present on preclitellar segments; 1 and 2 short, with irregular longitudinal grooves; 3 simple, longer than 1 or 2; 4–8 with 2 simple ringlets, similar in size and appearance; 9 with 2 ringlets, second shorter than first; 10,11 and postclitellar segments simple, randomly annulated. <i>Setae</i>: Small, closely paired; postclitellarly <i>aa</i> > <i>bc</i>, <i>ab</i> = <i>cd</i>. <i>Nephridial pores</i>: Conspicuous in <i>cd</i> setal lines; first pair in intersegmental furrow 3/4. <i>Female pores</i>: Conspicuous, in intersegmental furrow 13/14, medially, between setae <i>aa</i>. <i>Male pores</i>: In front of tubercula pubertatis in intersegmental furrow 14/15. <i>Spermathecal pores</i>: Difficult to observe externally; during dissection observed in intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13, dorsolaterally.</p> <p> Clitellar region (Fig. 3): <i>Clitellum</i>: Alcohol-preserved yellowish-white, well developed, segmented, on 12–22; clearly bordered anteriorly and evenly covering segments 12–21; ventral borders on segments 12–21 extend parallel with <i>cd</i> setal lines and dorsal rims of tubercula pubertatis; posteriorly covering only dorsal part of segment 22 and not extending to <i>cd</i> setae. <i>Tubercula pubertatis</i>: Trapezoidal, with shorter line medially, rimmed all around; dorsally bordering clitellum, ventrally extending to <i>ab</i> setae; anteriorly covering only posterior part of segment 15 and extending evenly onto 16–18; posteriorly covering only anterior part of segment 19; glandular and segmented in dorsal parts; in front of ventral rims not segmented, but with short longitudinal folds. <i>Papillae</i>: Not observed.</p> <p>Internal characters:</p> <p> <i>Septa</i>: 4/5 very much thickened, muscular; 5/6 and 6/7 very thin, although firm; 7/8 and 8/9 thickened moderately, strong, similar in appearance. Other septa thin. <i>Gizzard</i>: Short, muscular, in 7. <i>Calciferous glands</i>: Moderate in size, in 9; anteriorly slightly broader than posteriorly; widely separated dorsally, ventrally with narrow separation. <i>Intestine</i>: Commences in 13. <i>Typhlosole</i>: Commences abruptly in segment 20 as large U-shaped tube, extending in similar shape; terminates in segment 135. <i>Dorsal blood vessel</i>: In 5 simple, in 6 and 7 partly double, not separated; in 8 double, widely separated; in 9 double, enlarged, cordiform; in 10 and following segments simple, although slightly enlarged. <i>Paired dorsoventral vessels</i>: In 5–8 simple thin vessels, in 9–11 enlarged, moniliform. <i>Nephridia</i>: Meganephridia; coiled loops with V-shaped, elongated caeca. Reproductive organs: <i>Spermiductal funnels</i>: Proandric arrangement (in segment 10); one pair of large funnels, enclosed in one sac, and closely connected with seminal vesicles. <i>Vasa deferentia</i>: Very thin single ducts running at each side of the body, deeply embedded in body wall; before entering male pores at intersegmental furrow 14/15 they penetrate glandular tissue, corresponding to male pores. <i>Seminal vesicles</i>: In segment 10; one pair of small sacs closely connected with sac confining spermiductal funnels; broader at their bases, at dorsal extensions becoming slightly narrower. <i>Spermathecae</i>: In segments 12 and 13, near to septa 11/12 and 12/13. Club-shaped, elongated or slightly curved ampullae; one pair per segment; posterior pair larger than anterior; in posterior spermathecae iridescence was observed, confirming presence of sperm. <i>Ovaries</i>: Not observed. <i>Genital glands</i>: Not observed.</p> <p>Biological notes: Found in northern KwaZulu-Natal on summit of Lebombo mountain range, in forest litter. This little-explored, botanically interesting forest occurs on the top of the mountain, and contains a variety of indigenous trees and shrubs (Pooley & Player 1995).</p> <p> Discussion: Having three septa thickened and spermathecal pores in two intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13, <i>hlatikulu</i> is assigned to the <i>belli</i> species-group. Similar to <i>modestus</i> and <i>setosus</i> in having anterior septum much thickened, but differs from both species in the shape and location of the clitellum and tubercula pubertatis. The location of female pores in intersegmental furrow 13/14, is not observed commonly in the genus, but it occurs also in <i>beddardi</i>, suggesting a relationship between these species. However, the location of the seminal vesicles, and the shape and position of the calciferous glands and clitellum, separate these species.</p>Published as part of <i>Plisko, Jadwiga Danuta, 2002, Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae), pp. 183-204 in African Invertebrates 43</i> on pages 188-190, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7666001">10.5281/zenodo.7666001</a>
Proandricus injasuti Plisko 2002, sp. n.
No full textProandricus injasuti sp. n. <p>(Fig. 6)</p> <p>Etymology: Named after the type locality of Injasuti.</p> <p> Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: <i>KwaZulu-Natal</i>: Holotype NMSA /Olig.03204 clitellate, Drakensberg, Injasuti (29º09'86"S: 29º50'37"E) section of Giants Castle Game Reserve, found between grasses and on surface of road, after heavy rain. Paratypes: NMSA /Olig.03205 8 clitellate gathered with holotype. Type material collected 24 April 2000 by M. White. Other material: NMSA / Olig. 03203 juvenile specimen found after rain near cave in same area, 1 January 2000 by D. G. Herbert.</p> <p>Description based on holotype and paratypes.</p> <p>External characters:</p> <p> <i>General</i>: Body cylindrical in life; when preserved slightly flattened in clitellar area. <i>Colour</i>: In life dorsally dark-violet, ventrally light-grey; alcohol-preserved dorsally dark-grey, ventrally greyish. <i>Dimensions</i>: In life, holotype not stretched, over 600 mm long, 10 mm wide. Preserved and contracted 452 mm long, 6 mm wide at segment 10, 18 mm at tubercula pubertatis. Paratypes preserved 290–480 mm long, 16–18 mm at tubercula pubertatis. <i>Segment number</i>: Holotype 607. <i>Prostomium</i>: Prolobous, large. <i>Segmentation</i>: Secondary annulation present on preclitellar segments; 1 and 2 very short, both with irregular longitudinal grooves; 3 simple, long as first ringlet of segment 4; 4–6 with two simple ringlets, similar in size and appearance; 7–9 with two irregularly annulated ringlets, decreasing in width; 10 and preclitellar, narrow, irregularly annulated; clitellar segments widened, dorsally smooth, ventrally annulated; postclitellar contracted, short. <i>Setae</i>: Closely paired, minute; postclitellarly <i>aa</i> > <i>bc</i>, <i>ab</i> = <i>cd</i>; first pairs on segment 3; on preclitellar annulated segments on first ringlet. <i>Nephridial pores</i>: Conspicuous in <i>cd</i> setal lines; first pair in intersegmental furrow 2/3. <i>Female pores</i>: In 14, slightly above ventral edges of clitellum. <i>Male pores</i>: Externally not observed; probably in intersegmental furrow 17/18, or in segment 18, where vasa deferentia enter body wall. <i>Spermathecal pores</i>: Minute, numerous openings, dorsolaterally, in intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13.</p> <p> Clitellar region: <i>Clitellum</i>: Saddle-shaped, yellowish-grey; commences dorsally at middle of segment 13, covering unevenly anterior segments; extends to posterior part of segment 23; ventrally extends to <i>cd</i> setal lines. <i>Tubercula pubertatis</i> (Fig. 6): Large, oval pads, on 16–19, expanding laterally and protruding above clitellum; medially with broad ventral separation; dorsal edges on 17–18 clearly separated from clitellum by soft, protruding tissues and narrow rims; lateral structure of tubercular pads on segment 16 and posterior part of 1/n19 smooth; on segments 17–18 pads are covered by irregular vertical and longitudinal grooves. <i>Papillae</i>: In <i>ab</i> setal lines, prominent on segments 10–13, moderate on 21–25; all associated with genital glands.</p> <p>Internal characters:</p> <p> <i>Septa</i>: 4/5 thin, firm; 5/6 and 6/7 thin; 7/8 and 8/9 very much thickened, muscular, massive, very strong; other septa thin, firm. <i>Gizzard</i>: In 7, muscular, posteriorly soft. <i>Calciferous glands</i>: Paired, dorsolateral, dorsally and ventrally with narrow grooves. <i>Intestine</i>: Commences in 13. <i>Typhlosole</i>: Commences parallel with intestine as medium sized V-shaped tube, gradually enlarging in the following segments; in holotype terminates in segment 363. <i>Dorsal blood vessel</i>: In posterior parts of segments 5–7 thin, double vessels; in 8 double, thin; in 9 very much enlarged, cordiform; in 10 and following segments simple. <i>Paired dorsoventral vessels</i>: In 5–8 thin, in 9–11 enlarged, moniliform. <i>Nephridia</i>: Meganephridia; coiled loops with V-shaped caeca.</p> <p> Reproductive organs: <i>Spermiductal funnels</i>: Proandric arrangement (in segment 10); one pair of iridescent funnels, enclosed in separated sacs. <i>Vasa deferentia</i>: Two single ducts proceed from spermiductal funnels at their lateral sides in segment 10, and immediately turn backward and run nearly medially and parallel to axis of body, to segment 18 where they enter body wall; it was not established if they enter into male pores at intersegmental furrow 17/18 or in segment 18. <i>Seminal vesicles</i>: One pair of large, elongated vesicles commences at septa 10/11, in close connection with sacs of spermiductal funnels; both sacs extend backward through segments 11 and 12, and medially displace septum 12/13 into segment 13; it is difficult to establish if septum 12/ 13 is partly broken or only much extended to allow placement of vesicles in segment 13. S <i>permathecae</i>: Elongated, irregularly-shaped, curved, bent or tubular twisted thecae, with slightly thicker bases entering body wall in intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/ 13; 5–6 spermathecae at each side; iridescence was observed in some spermathecae, confirming presence of sperm. <i>Ovaries</i>: Not observed. <i>Genital glands</i>: Flat, multidivided, thick glands, in segments 10–13 and 21–24, 25.</p> <p>Biological notes: Collected in Injasuti, an area of the Giants Castle Game Reserve, under protection of the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Services. There are large open areas of indigenous grassland with small patches of indigenous bushes. Specimens were gathered on the soil surface, between grasses, on paths and open roads, after heavy rainfall. Large casts were observed between tall grasses. The clitellate specimens with iridescent spermiductal funnels and spermathecae collected in April, indicate maturity in summer and sexual activity extended into autumn.</p> <p> Discussion: Characterised by thickened septa 7/8 and 8/9, and spermathecal pores in two intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13; <i>injasuti</i> belongs to the <i>P. colletti</i> speciesgroup. Similar to <i>ortyi</i> and <i>thornvillensis</i> being large, having the tubercula pubertatis extended laterally and typhlosole commencing in segment 13. Similar to <i>bergvillensis</i> in extension of the seminal vesicles through segments 11–12 and penetration into segment 13, a character not observed in <i>thornvillensis</i>. <i>P</i>. <i>injasuti</i> differs from the other species of this group in the shape of the tubercula pubertatis, number and allocation of papillae, and number and shape of genital glands.</p>Published as part of <i>Plisko, Jadwiga Danuta, 2002, Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae), pp. 183-204 in African Invertebrates 43</i> on pages 192-194, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7666001">10.5281/zenodo.7666001</a>
Proandricus lovuus Plisko 2003, sp. n.
No full textProandricus lovuus sp. n. <p>(Figs 12–13)</p> <p>Etymology: Named after the Lovu River on the bank of which the holotype was found.</p> <p> Material examined: <b>KwaZulu­Natal</b>: Holotype NMSA / Olig. 00482 on the bank of Lovu River in Richmond (29º52'S: 30º16'E) area, in moist soil, 7 December 1989, JDP. Paratypes: NMSA / Olig. 03769, 6 cl and NMSA / Olig. 03690, 1 cl, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville (29º35'S: 30º25'E) on bank of Umsindusi River near tennis court, in 1–15 cm of sandy soil, 8 January 1989, JDP. Other material: NMSA / Olig. 00802, 25 cl + 34 juv collected in close neighbourhood of paratype locality, 8 January 1989, JDP.</p> <p>Description based on holotype and paratypes.</p> <p>External characters</p> <p> <i>General</i>: cylindrical along the whole body length. <i>Colour</i>: alcohol­preserved yellowishwhite. <i>Dimensions</i>: preserved holotype 74 mm long, 3 mm wide at 10, 4 mm in region of tubercula pubertatis; paratypes 55–79 mm long, 3–4 mm wide. <i>Segment number</i>: holotype 144, paratype 165–176. <i>Prostomium</i>: prolobous. <i>Segmentation</i>: secondary annulation present on preclitellar segments; 1 and 2 short, with no clear segmental separation, both with irregular longitudinal grooves; 3 simple, as long as 1 and 2; 4–8 with 2 ringlets, similar in size and appearance; 9 with 2 ringlets, first longer than second; 10–11 and clitellar simple; postclitellar short, simple. <i>Setae</i>: moderate in size, paired; first pairs on 3, subsequent pairs of 4–9 on first ringlet. Preclitellarly <i>aa</i> > <i>bc</i>, postclitellarly <i>ab</i> = <i>cd</i>. <i>Nephridial pores</i>: obvious, in <i>c</i> setal lines; first pair in intersegmental furrow 3/4. <i>Female pores</i>: not observed. <i>Male pores</i>: externally not observed; probably in 14/15 intersegmental furrow. <i>Spermathecal pores</i>: two in intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13.</p> <p> Clitellar region (Figs 12–13): <i>Clitellum</i>: on 11,12–21,22; saddle­shaped, segmented, whitish­grey; on 12–13 ventral edges extend to <i>d</i> setal lines, on 14–1/n19 to dorsal border of tubercula pubertatis; on 1/n19–21 extend below <i>cd</i> setae; on 11 only dorsally, thin layer of clitellar tissues. <i>Tubercula pubertatis</i>: on 1/n14,15–1/n19 below ventral clitellar edges; oval swellings with thin grooves at their ventral borders (Fig.13). <i>Papillae</i>: small swellings, paired, in <i>ab</i> setal lines on 10–22 (Fig. 12).</p> <p>Internal characters</p> <p> <i>Septa</i>: 4/5 most thickened; 7/8 and 8/9 thickened moderately; other septa thin. <i>Gizzard</i>: large, muscular. <i>Calciferous glands</i>: in 9; laterally, widely separated dorsally and ventrally. <i>Intestine</i>: commences in 12. <i>Typhlosole</i>: in holotype commences abruptly as thick U­shaped in 19; terminates in 126. <i>Dorsal blood vessel</i>: double in 5–7, close; 8 double, separated; 9 cordiform; 10 and following simple; simple when crossing septa. <i>Paired dorso­ventral vessels</i>: thin tubes in 4– 8; 9–11 moniliform, not much enlarged. <i>Nephridia</i>: Meganephridia, paired small tufts of coiled tubules, with thin, elongated V­shaped caeca. <i>Spermiductal funnels</i>: proandric arrangement; one pair in 10, closely connected at septum 10/11 with vesiculae seminales. <i>Seminal vesicles</i>: one large pair commencing at septum 10/ 11, extending equally into 10 and 11. <i>Spermathecae</i>: one pair per segment; elongated ampullae, with short, thin necks; ectal parts enter body wall close to intersegmental furrows 11/12 and 12/13 respectively; posterior pair slightly larger than anterior, iridescent. <i>Vasa deferentia</i>: not observed, being not fully developed or deeply embedded in body wall. <i>Ovaries</i>: not observed. <i>Genital glands</i>: flat glands, in 14– 18; partially associated with internal glands of tubercula pubertatis.</p> <p>Biological notes: The holotype was collected in pasture on the bank of small stream. The paratypes were found at considerable distance from the type locality, on bank of the Umsindusi River. Degradation of both areas, and water pollution were in evidence.</p> <p> Discussion: Three thickened septa and spermathecal pores in 11/12 and 12/13 suggest species assignation to the <i>belli</i> species­group, although septum 4/5 is not thickened as much as is observed in the other species of this group. <i>P</i>. <i>lovuus</i> resembles the similarly sized <i>setosus</i>. Both species have spermathecae matching in shape. They differ notably in the shape and location of the seminal vesicles, commencement and extension of typhlosole. The moderate size of setae in <i>lovuus</i> also distinguishes it from <i>setosus</i>.</p> <p>Distribution: The species is known only from two sites, both in Pietermaritzburg area (Fig. 7).</p>Published as part of <i>Plisko, Jadwiga Danuta, 2003, Eleven new South African earthworms (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae) with new information on some known species, and an inventory of the microchaetids of KwaZulu-Natal, pp. 279-325 in African Invertebrates 44 (2)</i> on pages 302-303, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7666260">10.5281/zenodo.7666260</a>
S. I. Gessen in Memoirs and Assessments of V. V. Zenkovsky: Page from Intellectual History of Russian Emigration
Get PDFThe relationship between S. I. Gessen and V. V. Zenkovsky, representatives of Russian philosophical, psychological, pedagogical and social thought, is considered as an episode of the intellectual history of the Russian diaspora. It is argued that the image of S. I. Gessen, formed in the scientific works and memoirs of a famous teacher, complements the idea of his personality, of the position S. I. Gessen held in the scientific, pedagogical and social life of the emigration. An analysis of the relationship between two thinkers over a quarter of a century is presented. The conclusion is drawn about the “internal dialogue” between them, which developed on the pages of emigre periodicals, was recorded in correspondence with like-minded people and became the subject of reflection and self-reflection in scientific works. The author pays special attention to assessments of the theoretical contribution of S. I. Gessen to Russian and European philosophical and pedagogical thought, which are given in reviews and surveys, the essay “Russian Pedagogy in the XX century” and “History of Russian Philosophy”. It is shown that in this context, the responses to the death of S. I. Gessen and memories of him, which make it possible to determine the attitude of V. V. Zenkovsky not only to S. I. Gessen the thinker, but also to man, acquire great importance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
TeX v jednoduchém unixovém prostředí
Get PDFsummary:Při ladění TeXového dokumentu potřebujeme mnohokrát opakovaně pouštět TeX, podívat se, jak dopadl výsledek v prohlížeči DVI nebo PDF souboru, mrknout na výpis TeXu na terminálu, podívat se případně do logu a celou činnost opakovat. V tomto článku je ukázáno, jak tuto práci dělá autor článku. Proces "editor-TeX-kuk" je zde podporován jednoduchými unixovými nástroji: bashovým skriptem texloop, který si autor pro tyto účely vytvořil, dále terminálem Xterm a jednoduchým editorem, který umí navázat na klávesovou zkratku spuštění příkazu v systému. Čtenář se zde může inspirovat a přizpůsobit tyto nástroje svým vlastním potřebám. V článku je popsána funkce skriptu texloop, dále je neformálně rozveden dlouholetý vývoj autorova vztahu k textovým editorům a konečně je zde uvedena konfigurace terminálu Xterm, aby vyhovoval českému prostředí jak v kódování ISO-8859-2, tak v kódování UTF-8. Pro kódování UTF-8 si v závěru článku vygenerujeme TeXový formát csplain.summary:By debugging a TeX document it is necessary many times repeatedly to run TeX, to look for the result in DVI or PDF file, to gander the TeX output on the terminal, or eventually to have a look in the log-file, and all that action to repeat. In the paper it is show, how this work is made by author. The process '‘'editor-TeX-look' is supported by simple Unix tools: bash script texloop, created by author for these purposes, Xterm terminal and a simple editor, which is able to link to the shortcut key the activation of a system command. The reader could be inspired with the solution and to adapt these tools to his/her own needs. In the paper the function of the texloop script is described, and further the longstanding evolution of the author's relation to text editors is informal elaborated and finally a configuration of Xterm terminal, suitable for the czech environment with both ISO-8859-2 and UTF-8 encoding is introduced. For UTF-8 encoding the TeX format csplain is generated at the end of the paper
Various taxonomic designations of <i>V</i>. <i>ramuliflora</i> by different author.
No full textVarious taxonomic designations of V. ramuliflora by different author.</p
AUTHOR BOOK
No full textVytvořil jsem autorskou knihu o čtyřiceti stránkách s ilustracemi a minimem textu. Kniha je černobílá, dominuje v ní tušová kresba štětcem a perem. Kromě té je v knize ale i text, který slouží jako poetické doplnění ilustrací.
Obsah knihy se zaměřuje na úzký kruh přátel a zároveň vypovídá o autorovi jak vybranými motivy, situacemi tak linkou.
Vyznění knihy je spíše pocitové, má zanechat dojem, ne popisně vysvětlovat.ObhájenoI have created author book that has 40 pages with ilustrations and minimum of text. The book is black and white and contains ink drawings. There is also text poetically coresponding with pictures
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