169,929 research outputs found
Cerato-platanin elicts transcription of defence-related genes earlier than Ceratocystis platani on Platanus acerifolia
No full textThe ascomycete Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht & Harrington is the causal agent of canker stain, the most dangerous disease affecting the plane tree. Cerato-platanin (CP) is a protein elicitor from C. platani that acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), eliciting defence responses in both host and non-host plants. Using plane leaves as an experimental model, we compared the capacity of CP and C. platani to cause alterations in the transcription level of five Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. genes, three strictly related to a defence response, and two non-defence related. The results suggest that CP elicits the transcription of defence-related genes earlier than does C. platani. The expression of the cp gene in C. platani inoculated on plane leaves and grown in an axenic culture was also studied. For the first time CP has been shown to be released by C. platani when inoculated on P. acerifolia. The cp gene was expressed sooner when C. platani was inoculated on the leaves, than when it was grown in axenic culture, suggesting that the host-tree has a positive effect on the expression of this elicitor protei
Risk assessment and reduction options for Ceratocystis platani in the EU
No full textFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health (PLH) Panel performed a risk
assessment for Ceratocystis platani in the EU with the aim to assess the effectiveness of risk reduction
options (RROs) on the basis of the mechanisms of spread identified in the pest categorisation (natural
and human-assisted means, including waterways, root anastomosis, contaminated pruning tools,
machinery, insects, contaminated insect frass and sawdust). C. platani is a destructive pathogen of
Platanus trees, which is currently present in the EU (in France, Greece and Italy). Three scenarios were
considered: the current situation (A0 scenario); the situation without RROs (A1); and the application of
additional RROs (A2). The risk of new introductions into the EU of C. platani by means of the main
pathways of entry (i.e. plants for planting, wood and machinery, e.g. construction machinery and
pruning/cutting tools) is relatively limited, but about 250 times higher for the A1 scenario compared to
the A2 scenario (median numbers of established populations). The risk of spread from already affected
EU regions is higher, but varies depending on the scenario. Machinery is the most important mechanism
of long-distance spread. Focusing the additional RROs in A2 scenario on this mechanism of spread –
which is not currently regulated – would be an effective way to reduce the likelihood of further spread
and thus impacts of C. platani to not yet affected EU regions. The emergency measures applied by the
C. platani-affected EU Member States (France, Greece and Italy) could be harmonised and improved.
An enhanced programme could be developed which includes surveillance, early detection of the disease
foci, effective eradication measures and planting resistant Platanus clones in new plantations in affected
areas. Surveillance could also be intensified in the EU MSs not yet known to be affected by the disease
Cerato-platanin from C. fimbriata f. sp. platani is an host resistance inducing protein and is produced by other strains of C. fimbriata and by some other species of the genus Ceratocystis
No full textCerato-platanin (CP) is a 120 amino acids protein [1, 5], produced by the Ascomycete Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani (Cfp), the causal agent of the plane canker stain. The species C. fimbriata attacks various other plants of considerable importance in agriculture, forestry and for their ornamental value; as a rule, one fungal strain isolated from one host is not virulent on the other plant species, and conversely, susceptible hosts are resistant to C. fimbriata strains if they come from hosts other than themselves. This means that the forma specialis platani of the species C. fimbriata attacks only the trees belonging to the genus Platanus, but not the hosts of the all other formae speciales of the fungus. CP is located in the cell walls of Cfp ascospores, hyphae and conidia, and is early secreted when Cfp is grown in liquid culture [2, 3]. CP elicits phytoalexin synthesis and/or cell necrosis in host and in non-host tissues; in plane leaves the main effects of CP are to cause a great increase in primary starch and a certain degree of intercellular and intracellular disorganization of the spongy parenchyma cells and plasmolysis processes; in addition, an increase of intracellular phenolic compounds has been observed in the palisade cells [3, 4]. In the present work we report that the minimum CP concentration able to induce the decrease of the 50% Cfp growth on plane leaves is of about 5 x 10-5 M; the maximum inducing effect has been obtained 24-48 hours post treatment. At this time, numerous defense-related genes are over-expressed, as it has been shown by Suppressive Subtractive Hybridisation. Moreover, results so far obtained by immunotechnical experiments on a total of 17 strains (9 of C. fimbriata, as well as 1 isolate each of C. moniliforme, C. allantospora, C. fagacearum, C. laricicola, C. ambrosia, Microascus cirrosus, Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi) indicate that a CP-homologous protein occurs in all strains of C. fimbriata and in some other species of Ceratocystis. For some strains of C. fimbriata the coding sequences of the cp-hortologous genes have been obtained, and then the sequences of the deduced proteins. BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Pazzagli L, Cappugi G, Manao G, Camici G, Santini A and Scala A, 1999. Purification of cerato-platanin, a new phytotoxic protein from Ceratocystis fimbriata f.sp. platani. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 24959-24964. 2. Boddi S, Comparini C, Calamassi R, Pazzagli L, Cappugi G and Scala A, 2004. Cerato-platanin protein is located in the cell walls of ascospores, conidia and hyphae of Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani. FEMS Microbiology Letters 233: 341-346. 3. Scala A, Pazzagli L, Comparini C, Santini A, Tegli S and Cappugi G, 2004. Cerato-platanin, an early-produced protein by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani, elicits phytoalexin synthesis in host and non-host plants. Journal of Plant Pathology 86: 23-29. 4. Bennici A, Calamassi R, Pazzagli L, Comparini C, Schiff S, Bovelli R, Mori B, Tani C and Scala A, 2005. Cytological and ultrastructural responses of Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. leaves to cerato-platanin, a protein from Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 44: 153-161. 5. Pazzagli L, Pantera B, Carresi L, Zoppi C, Pertinhez TA, Spisni A, Tegli S, Scala A, Cappugi G, 2006. Cerato-platanin, the first member of a new fungal protein family: cloning, expression and characterization. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 44: 512-521
Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht et Harrington
No full textThe European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation for Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani Walter, the fungal pathogen responsible for the “canker stain” disease of plane trees. C. fimbriata f. sp. platani is listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. Recently, the pathogen has been reclassified as Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht et Harrington, based on intersterility studies, progeny analysis and the morphology of isolates from different hosts. C. platani is a single taxonomic entity and sensitive and reliable methods are available for its detection and differentiation from other related fungal species. The only known hosts are Platanus occidentalis, Platanus orientalis and Platanus × acerifolia. The last two plane species are the most susceptible to C. platani and are widely grown in most of the European Union Member States. C. platani is a wound pathogen causing canker and wilt and eventually death of plane trees. It is currently present in part of the risk assessment area (Greece, France, Italy), where it causes serious consequences on P. orientalis and P. × acerifolia trees grown in natural stands, coppices, and public and private gardens in both rural and urban environments. There are no obvious ecological/climatic factors limiting the potential establishment and spread of the pathogen in the non-infested part of the risk assessment area where hosts are present. C. platani has multiple natural and human-assisted means of spread, including waterways, root anastomosis, contaminated pruning tools, insects, contaminated insect frass and sawdust. The movement of infected host plants for planting and wood is considered to be responsible for the introduction of the pathogen into new areas. Cultural practices and sanitary and chemical measures applied in the infested areas may reduce inoculum sources but they cannot eliminate the pathogen. Plane accessions resistant to C. platani are available in the European market
Vindiciae Pomarianae, De Incarnatione Filii Dei, Quoad Divinam tu logu Naturam
No full textPraeside ... Domino Johanne Deutschmanno ... ad d. Novembr. A. C. MDCLXXVI. institutae a M. Paulo Platani, Hung.Nicht identisch mit VD17 14:684990W (unterschiedl. Schlüssels., vgl. Titelbl.
Effect of processing and cooking on phenolic acid profile and antioxidant capacity of durum wheat pasta enriched with debranning fractions of wheat.
No full textThe effect of processing and cooking on phenolic acids profile and antioxidant properties of durum wheat
(Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) pasta samples enriched with debranning fractions of an Italian wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar were studied.
Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) by free radical scavenging activity against ABTS+ cation
radical, phenolic acid profile, total phenolic content (TPC) and fibre were determined. In the first debranning
fractions of wheat, the highest concentration of phenolic acids, namely ferulic acid, and antioxidant
capacity was found, but a diminishing trend was observed as the debranning levels proceeded. When
semolina was processed into spaghetti, the main effect of processing was a reduction of the free phenolic
acids content, chiefly caused by p-hydroxybenzoic acid decrease. In contrast an increase in bound phenolics
fraction was observed. The boiling water could have enhanced the extraction of bound phenolics
from the food matrix, primarily ferulic acid ester linked to cell walls. Cooking affected also the antioxidant
capacity of pasta samples by enhancing its antioxidant properties in vitro
Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht et Harrington
No full textThe European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation for Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani Walter, the fungal pathogen responsible for the “canker stain” disease of plane trees. C. fimbriata f. sp. platani is listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. Recently, the pathogen has been reclassified as Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht et Harrington, based on intersterility studies, progeny analysis and the morphology of isolates from different hosts. C. platani is a single taxonomic entity and sensitive and reliable methods are available for its detection and differentiation from other related fungal species. The only known hosts are Platanus occidentalis, Platanus orientalis and Platanus × acerifolia. The last two plane species are the most susceptible to C. platani and are widely grown in most of the European Union Member States. C. platani is a wound pathogen causing canker and wilt and eventually death of plane trees. It is currently present in part of the risk assessment area (Greece, France, Italy), where it causes serious consequences on P. orientalis and P. × acerifolia trees grown in natural stands, coppices, and public and private gardens in both rural and urban environments. There are no obvious ecological/climatic factors limiting the potential establishment and spread of the pathogen in the non-infested part of the risk assessment area where hosts are present. C. platani has multiple natural and human-assisted means of spread, including waterways, root anastomosis, contaminated pruning tools, insects, contaminated insect frass and sawdust. The movement of infected host plants for planting and wood is considered to be responsible for the introduction of the pathogen into new areas. Cultural practices and sanitary and chemical measures applied in the infested areas may reduce inoculum sources but they cannot eliminate the pathogen. Plane accessions resistant to C. platani are available in the European market
Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht et Harrington
No full textThe European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation for Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani Walter, the fungal pathogen responsible for the “canker stain” disease of plane trees. C. fimbriata f. sp. platani is listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. Recently, the pathogen has been reclassified as Ceratocystis platani (Walter) Engelbrecht et Harrington, based on intersterility studies, progeny analysis and the morphology of isolates from different hosts. C. platani is a single taxonomic entity and sensitive and reliable methods are available for its detection and differentiation from other related fungal species. The only known hosts are Platanus occidentalis, Platanus orientalis and Platanus × acerifolia. The last two plane species are the most susceptible to C. platani and are widely grown in most of the European Union Member States. C. platani is a wound pathogen causing canker and wilt and eventually death of plane trees. It is currently present in part of the risk assessment area (Greece, France, Italy), where it causes serious consequences on P. orientalis and P. × acerifolia trees grown in natural stands, coppices, and public and private gardens in both rural and urban environments. There are no obvious ecological/climatic factors limiting the potential establishment and spread of the pathogen in the non-infested part of the risk assessment area where hosts are present. C. platani has multiple natural and human-assisted means of spread, including waterways, root anastomosis, contaminated pruning tools, insects, contaminated insect frass and sawdust. The movement of infected host plants for planting and wood is considered to be responsible for the introduction of the pathogen into new areas. Cultural practices and sanitary and chemical measures applied in the infested areas may reduce inoculum sources but they cannot eliminate the pathogen. Plane accessions resistant to C. platani are available in the European market
Metabolic profiling and analysis of volatile composition of durum wheat semolina and pasta
No full textAlthough pasta is generally not considered for its aromatic properties, some evidence proves that cereal
flours release volatile compounds and they might have an effect on the aroma of the transformed
products. This work reports on the characterization of the volatile components of semolina and pasta
obtained from four durum wheat cultivars (Triticum durum Desf., cvs. PR22D89, Creso, Cappelli, Trinakria).
Semolina samples were characterized through polar metabolite profiling and fatty acid analysis
to identify potential precursors of the volatile components. The results show significant differences
among the samples tested with cv. Trinakria characterized by the highest content of sugars and fatty
acids. Volatile composition was investigated both in semolina and in cooked pasta using headspace solidphase
micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and identified by GC–MS. Thirty-five volatile compounds including
aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, terpenes, esters, hydrocarbons and a furan were identified. Significant
differences were observed between semolina and pasta samples in terms of composition and amount of
the volatile compounds. During cooking an increase in aldehyde content, the appearance of ketones and
a decrease in alcohol content were observed. Correlations between metabolites and volatiles demonstrate
that the flavour of cooked pasta may differ significantly depending on the durum wheat cultivar
employed
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