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DTT Divertor Tokamak Test facility Project Proposal: report short version
Full text linkThis note contains a brief overview of the project proposal DTT, Divertor Tokamak Test facility, described in analytical form in the volume "DTT Divertor Tokamak Test facility. Project Proposal" published by ENEA in July 2015, ISBN: 978-88-8286- 318-0. For all details, the full publication is available, in electronic format, on the web site
http://fsn-fusphy.frascati.enea.it/DTT_ProjectProposal_July2015.pdf
and in paper form on request.
Aim of this note is to provide the key data of the complex and articulated project which involved about a hundred researchers from Italian and foreign universities and laboratories, coordinated by R. Albanese (Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy and CREATE, Italy), F. Crisanti (ENEA, Italy), R. Martone (Seconda Università di Napoli, Italy and CREATE, Italy) and A. Pizzuto (ENEA, Italy).
Thanks to the qualification and dedication of the project team, an innovative and thorough proposal has been developed, aiming to provide a significant step in the road map towards the implementation of energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion.
A possible European funding of the proposal, within the framework of the European Plan for Infrastructure Investments, will allow the start-up of a challenging experimental program that, within a few years, will provide scientific, technical and technological crucial answers in the field of renewable innovative energy sources and, in addition, will provide a strong boost to the most advanced industry's and, therefore, to employment levels
DTT Divertor Tokamak Test facility Proposta Progettuale. Sommario
Full text linkQuesta nota contiene una panoramica estremamente sintetica della proposta progettuale DTT, Divertor Tokamak Test facility, riportata in forma analitica nel volume "DTT Divertor Tokamak Test facility. Project Proposal" pubblicato da ENEA nel luglio 2015, ISBN: 978-88-8286-318-0. Per ogni dettaglio si rinvia alla pubblicazione integrale, disponibile in formato elettronico alla pagina web
http://fsn-fusphy.frascati.enea.it/DTT_ProjectProposal_July2015.pdf e in formato cartaceo su richiesta.
Obiettivo della nota è fornire i dati salienti di un progetto complesso e articolato che ha coinvolto circa cento ricercatori di università e laboratori italiani e stranieri, coordinati da R. Albanese (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II e CREATE), F. Crisanti (ENEA), R. Martone (Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli e CREATE) e A. Pizzuto (ENEA). All'impegno, alla dedizione e alla qualificazione del gruppo di progetto si deve la messa a punto di una proposta innovativa e approfondita che si candida a rappresentare un passo significativo nella Road Map verso la ealizzazione dell'energia da fusione termonucleare controllata. Il finanziamento europeo dell’iniziativa nel quadro del Piano Europeo di Investimenti Infrastrutturali, consentirà di trasformare la proposta in un programma sperimentale che, nell'arco di pochi anni, fornirà risposte scientifiche,
tecniche e tecnologiche cruciali per la ricerca scientifica nel settore delle fonti energetiche innovative e un formidabile impulso alla industria più avanzata e, indirettamente, ai livelli occupazionali
DTT Divertor Tokamak Test facility Project Proposal: an opportunity for facing one of the major challenges along the roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy
Full text linkUna delle principali sfide nella Road Map verso la Fusione è costituita dal problema dei carichi termici. A tal fine EUROfusion ha fatto partire un programma per studiare soluzioni alternative al problema dei carichi termici in DEMO, con il progetto di una macchina denominata "Divertor Tokamak Test facility" (DTT), in grado di fornire soluzioni integrate con tutti gli aspetti fisici e tecnologici.
DTT dovrà operare in scenari integrati, con carichi termici rilevanti, divertori flessibili, condizioni di plasma simili a quelle previste per DEMO. Il compromesso tra prestazioni richieste e la necessità di rispettare la scala dei tempi dettata dalla Road Map ha portato alla scelta dei seguenti parametri: raggio maggiore R=2.15 m, rapporto di aspetto A=3.1 (A=R/a, dove ‘a’ è il raggio minore del tokamak), campo magnetico toroidale BT=6 T, corrente di plasma Ip=6 MA, potenza addizionale PTot=45 MW. La macchina potrà provare differenti concetti e topologie di divertore. Saranno testati diversi materiali con flussi termici fino a 20MW/m2. Le attività di ricerca correlate costituiranno una notevole spinta per lo sviluppo di tecnologie innovative in vari settori, con rilevanti ricadute per le industrie europee.
DTT sarà operativo nel 2022. Pertanto, la realizzazione durerà circa 7 anni a partire dalla prima gara (2016) fino alla messa in servizio. Le operazioni ed il programma sperimentale dovrebbero poi coprire un periodo di oltre venti anni, fino all'inizio della costruzione di DEMO ed oltre.
L’impatto occupazionale previsto è rilevante, almeno 150 persone coinvolte nella sperimentazione. E' inoltre previsto un notevole numero di lavoratori coinvolti nelle fasi di costruzione ed operazione, senza contare le opportunità per spin-off e sub-appalti.
L'impatto economico previsto sul territorio è significativo nelle fasi di costruzione ed in quelle successive (edifici, rete elettrica, manutenzione, ecc.). La presenza permanente di un team internazionale darà luogo a ricadute sul territorio legate al soggiorno del personale e delle relative famiglie.
EUROfusion ha stanziato circa 60 M€ in Horizon 2020, ma il costo previsto per la realizzazione di DTT è valutato intorno alla cifra di 500 M€. Vedendo nel progetto DTT un'occasione per dare un contributo al problema energetico ed al tempo stesso investire nella ricerca europea con prospettiva di elevatissimo ritorno economico, il governo italiano ha offerto l'opportunità di ottenere i finanziamenti necessari a costruire DTT in Italia. La proposta è fra i progetti presentati per il finanziamento tramite i 315 miliardi di Euro previsti dall'Agenda Juncker (EFSI: European Fund for Strategic Investments).The recent formation of the EUROfusion Consortium marks a big step in the roadmap toward the realisation of fusion energy with a demonstration plant DEMO by 2050.
One of the main challenges in the roadmap is to develop a heat and power exhaust system able to withstand the large loads expected in the divertor of a fusion power plant. Therefore, in parallel with the programme to optimise the operation with a conventional divertor based on detached conditions to be tested on ITER, EUROfusion has launched a dedicated project to investigate alternative power exhaust solutions for DEMO, and the design of a new machine named "Divertor Tokamak Test facility" (DTT), capable of eventually integrating all relevant physics and technology issues. The set of
possible alternative solutions to be assessed includes advanced magnetic configurations and liquid metal divertors. DTT should operate integrating various aspects, with significant power loads, flexible divertors, plasma edge and bulk conditions approaching as much as possible those planned for DEMO, at least in
terms of dimensionless parameters. An optimal balance between these requirements and the need to realize the new experiment accomplishing the DEMO timescale, leads to the choice of the following machine parameters: major radius R=2.15 m, aspect ratio A=3.1 (A=R/a, where ‘a’ is the tokamak minor radius), toroidal field BT=6 T, plasma current Ip=6 MA, additional power PTot=45 MW. The machine will have the possibility to test several different magnetic divertor topologies, in reactor relevant regimes. Different plasma facing materials will be tested (tungsten, liquid metals) up to a power flow of the order of 20MW/m2. The final target of this experiment is the realization of an integrated solution (bulk and edge plasma) for the power exhaust in view of DEMO. The related
studies and experiments will allow a valuable development of innovative technologies in several different fields, with relevant spin off for the industries of all European Countries.
According to the European Road Map, the DTT experiment should start its operation in 2022. To be coherent with this plan, the realization of the device will cover a time of around 7 years, starting from the first tender (during 2016) up to full commissioning and the first plasma (during 2022). The operations should then cover a period of more than 20 years, up to the initial phases of the DEMO realization. The occupational impact is expected to be significant, with at least 150 people involved for the operation (50% professionals, 50 % support personnel). In addition, a significant amount of on-site
workers are expected during the construction, not to mention the indirect and spin-off opportunities. The expected economic impact on the hosting territory is also significant. Some financial fall-out for both the construction and the operation should be addressed to the territory (buildings, electrical grid, maintenance, etc.). In addition, the continuous presence of an international scientific staff will cause on the host territory a spin-off linked to the guest family life and activities like lodging, transport, restaurants, schools ...
While the European Programme allocated about 60 MEUR in Horizon 2020, the expected total cost for realizing this DTT proposal is estimated to be about 500 MEUR. DTT is a strategic investment in the key areas of research and innovation, with significant implications on the energetic problem, offering a stimulus on higher education and training in the fields of science and engineering. Recently, the Italian Government has offered to the European fusion system the opportunity to get complementary funding for a dedicated exhaust facility located in Italy. The proposal is among the projects submitted to the 315 billion Euro of Juncker's plan (EFSI: European Fund for Strategic investments). This report presents the DTT proposal worked out by an International European Team of experts. Its contents has been independently revised and recommended by Chinese experts. It demonstrates the possibility to set up a facility able to bridge the power handling gaps between the present day devices, ITER and DEMO within the European fusion development roadmap, which plays a crucial role for the development of one of the most promising technologies for an alternative, safe and sustainable energy source
FUNFI2: 2nd International Conference on Fusion-Fission sub-critical systems for waste management and safety. Book of proceedings
Full text linkIl libro raccoglie gli atti della Seconda Conferenza Internazionale sui sistemi sub-critici per la fusione-fissione nucleare (FUNFI2), dedicati alla fisica, alla tecnologia ed all’ingegneria di dispositivi ibridi fusione-fissione nucleare. Tali dispositivi ibridi possono essere utilizzati per la generazione di energia, la produzione di combustibile fissile e la trasmutazione dei rifiuti nucleari. Il concetto di sistemi ibridi fusione-fissione nucleare è stato introdotto da H. Bethe (Physics Today 1979) e riproposto da H. Rebut (Plasma Physics Controlled Fusion 2006). L'obiettivo principale della Conferenza FUNFI2 è identificare le proposte/progetti con un elevato grado di affidabilità in maniera da rendere la tecnologia utile per la realizzazione a medio termine (25 anni) di un reattore ibrido fusione-fissione.Following the rst successful edition of FUNFI held in Varenna in yr 2011 ( Proceedings AIP Conference Nr 1442 , 2012, editors J Kallne, D Ryutov, G Gorini and C Sozzi) , we present the book of proceedings of the second edition of the conference. FUNFI2 is dedicated to the physics, technology and engineering of machines where fusion reactions drive a ssion blanket. Such hybrid devices can be used for energy generation, ssile fuel production and nuclear waste transmutation. The concept of Fusion-Fission hybrid (FFH) systems was introduced in a famous paper by H.Bethe (Physics Today 1979) and recently reviewed by H. Rebut (Plasma Physics Controlled Fusion 2006). The Deuterium-Tritium fusion reactions produce 14MeV neutrons which are able to induce ssion reactions in most of actinides including uranium 238 and thorium. The ssion reactions deliver an energy 10 times that of the neutrons produced by fusion: so with one ssion reaction per one fusion reaction there is an energy gain of 10. In this condition the fusion system producing neutrons can work at low minimum gain of Qfusion≈3 , for realizing a global energy gain of the integrated fusion- ssion system QFFH≈ 30. The main aim of FUNFI2 conference is to identify the proposals/projects with a high degree of reliability to make the technology available, making the analysis of the level of readiness of the technology for a medium term (25yrs) realization of a FFH reactor
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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