664 research outputs found
Waste-Minimized Synthesis of γ-Nitroketones
No full textIn Green Syntheses, Volume 1, the first book of its kind, the editors determine appropriate material efficiency green metrics and use them to compare syntheses provided by the chapter authors with those previously published.
Presenting a new concept in green chemistry, this book demonstrates what future publications might look like if green principles are followed and also incorporate the important ethical aspect of supplying rigorous procedures in laboratory practice and evidence of greenness of a given synthesis protocol using metrics analysis. This inaugural volume initiates the much-needed transition from stating the 12 guiding principles on the philosophy of green chemistry to the actualization and verification of it.
The book addresses primarily the issue of material efficiency metrics, which measure the amount of waste produced relative to desired product. In each contributed example, full experimental details are given showing all quantities of materials used in the procedure. Authors discuss the green merits of their protocols in conjunction with the results of a thorough metrics analysis, allowing for in-depth discussion of insights about synthesis strategy and performance characteristics of the new and prior cited plans
High Pressure Diels-Alder Approach to Hydroxy-Substituted 6a-cyano-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-ones: A Route to Delta6-Cis-Cannabidiol
No full textDiels-Alder cycloaddition reactions of 3-cyanocoumarin, hydroxy-substituted 3-cyanocoumarins and mesyl-substituted 3-cyano-coumarins with methyl-1,3-butadienes carried out under high pressure (11 kbar) are reported. Activation by high pressure allows these reactions to proceed satisfactorily under mild conditions to produce 6a-cyano-hydroxy- and 6a-cyano-mesyl-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-ones in moderate to excellent yield. The synthesis of cis-1-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-pentyl-6a,7, 10,10a-tetrahydro-benzo[c]chromen-6-one as precursor of Delta(6)-3,4-cis-cannabidiol (Delta(6)-cis-CBD) and Delta(8)-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(8)-cis-THC) is outlined
When magmas do not interact: paired Roman-age activity revealed by tephra studies at Stromboli volcano
No full textDetailed stratigraphic and geochemical studies were carried out on remnants of the partially collapsed Pizzo-o-Sopra-la-Fossa (Pizzo) scoria cone, which represents the best viewpoint for observing the present-day activity on top of the Stromboli volcano, Italy. The main outcrop is above the active craters and is strongly altered by acid fumarolic gases; for this reason, the Pizzo activity has previously been poorly studied (for age and composition).We focus mainly on the well-preserved Le Croci fallout succession. We show that the Pizzo activity occurred in the Roman age (∼2.4–1.8 ka) and was fed by two compositionally and genetically distinct magma groups, each occupying a separate reservoir. Shoshonitic basalts (Pizzo-SHO) were stored at lower depths than high-K basalts to high-K basaltic andesites (Pizzo-HKCA). Although Pizzo-
SHO and Pizzo-HKCA magmas were affected by multiple mafic magma inputs (with different dynamics as reflected in variable mineral zoning), they did not interact with each other. They were, however, erupted simultaneously suggesting they were emitted by two unconnected conduits and vents located in the summit area. Stromboli historic activity was thus quite different from present-day activity. In the Roman age, the volcano was characterised by paired activity taking place on the summit with similar explosive characteristics, from two
coeval vents each fed by different and non-parental magmas. While the Pizzo-SHO magmas still persist in the present-day
shallow reservoir, the Pizzo-HKCA magmas could be quiescent and re-activated in the future, possibly from an eccentric
vent/fissure
A waste-minimized protocol for the preparation of 1,2-azido alcohols and 1,2-amino alcohols
No full textUnder solvent-free conditions the reaction of epoxides 1a–i with trimethylsilylazide (2) catalyzed by poly- stiryl-supported fluoride (PS-DABCOF2) has led to the efficient preparation of the corresponding O-TMS protected 1,2-azido alcohols 3a–i that, by treatment with Dowex-H, gave the related 1,2-azido alcohols 4a–i in excellent yields (83–99% and 82–96%, respectively). The use of a flow procedure has allowed us to significantly minimize waste in the preparation of representative 1,2-azido alcohols 4a, 4c and 4i that have been obtained with E-factors of 1.6, 2.1, and 1.9, respectively. The 1,2-amino alcohols 5a, 5c and 5f have been also prepared, in quantitative yields, by reduction of the corresponding O-TMS protected 1,2-azido alcohols 3a, 3c, and 3f by Pd on the Al3O3/HCOOH system
“but I am also influenced by no such thing”-The Radical Pietist and Theological Author Johanna Eleonora Petersen
No full textJohanna Eleonora von und zu Merlau, verheiratete Petersen, von jeher tief gläubig, veränderte die religiöse Welt des 17. Jahrhunderts. Sie bekannte sich zur Bewegung des Pietismus und vertrat radikale Ansichten, nicht nur im privaten Kreis, sondern als anerkannte und heftig kritisierte theologische Autorin. Ihrem Werk ist eine Studie gewidmet, in der neue Forschungsergebnisse vorgestellt und Leben und Werk dieser bedeutenden Autorin in zeitgenössische Diskurse eingebunden werden.The deeply devout Johanna Eleonora Petersen, whose maiden name was „von und zu Merlau,” changed the religious world of the seventeenth century. She avowed herself to Pietism and held radical views, not only in private but also as an acknowledged and sharply criticized theological author. This study attends to her work. It presents new research results and weaves the life and work of this important author into contemporary discourses
La notion de défectuosité du produit dans les jurisprudences des pays européens
No full textThis work analyses the notion of defective product originally developed by US Courts, then ambiguously defined by the European directive n. 374 of 1985 and differently interpreted and applied by the respective domestic Courts. In particular, some European jurisdictions apply the risk / utility test introduced by the US Courts for design defects cases, although this test is not mentioned by the European Directive. The author, having highlighted the inconsistences of the risk / utility test, proposes an alternative model of classification of defective products according to the elements actually used by judges in order to allocate the liability, as emerging from the text of their decisions. This classification leads to held the manufacturer strictly liable not only for manufacturing defects, but also for those design defects which he was aware of (as in some cases of defective vaccine).Cette étude examine la notion de défectuosité du produit initialement élaborée par les Cours américaines, définie de manière ambigüe par le législateur européen avec la directive n° 374 de 1985, puis différemment interprétée et appliquée par les Cours respectives des pays membres. Notamment certains systèmes juridiques européens appliquent le risk/ utility test élaboré par les Cours américaines pour les cas de défaut de conception du produit, bien que ce test ne soit pas mentionné par la directive européenne. L’auteur, après avoir mis en évidence les incongruences du risk/ utility test, propose un modèle alternatif de classification des cas de produits défectueux sur la base des critères d’imputation de la responsabilité qui sont concrètement utilisés par les juges et tels qu’imagés dans les textes de leurs décisions. Cette reconstruction amène à imputer au fabricant une responsabilité objective non seulement pour les cas de défaut de production, mais aussi pour les cas de défaut de conception dont il était averti (tel que certain cas de vaccin défectueux).Rajneri Karageorgevitch Eleonora. La notion de défectuosité du produit dans les jurisprudences des pays européens. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 67 N°1,2015. pp. 185-205
Safety of ethyl lauroyl arginate (E 243) as a food additive in the light of the new information provided and the proposed extension of use
No full textAcknowledgements: The Panel wishes to thank the following for the support provided to this scientific output: Eleonora Alquati, Anna Christodoulidou and Fabiola Pizzo
TO THE JUBILEE OF PROFESSOR STEPANOVA ELEONORA FEDOROVNA
No full textThe article is devoted to the anniversary of Professor Eleonora Fedorovna Stepanova – a bright representative of the Russian intelligentsia: a talented lecturer, an inventor, an author of numerous books, an internationally recognized scholar
An Efficient and Waste-Minimized One-Pot Procedure for the Preparation of N-Boc-γ-amino Alcohols Starting from α,β-Unsaturated Ketones in Flow
No full textWe report herein a clean multistep flow process that starting from α,β-unsaturated ketones 1 allows the preparation of N-Boc-γ-amino alcohols 3 in high yields. The final products have been isolated in pure form without any additional purification step. The cleanness and environmental efficiency achieved using our protocol are proven by the calculation of green metrics such as E-factors
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