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Maladaptive Personality Trait Facets and Mentalization in Youth Gambling
No full textPrevious studies indicated that both maladaptive personality traits and mentalizing deficits significantly contribute to gambling severity in the adult population. Although the ability to mentalize plays a key role in the development of personality and youth age is critical for the development of personality traits, to date, no study has analyzed the interplay between personality and mentalization in youth gambling. Moreover, the studies until now have mainly focused on the personality domains, substantially neglecting the role of personality trait facets in gambling. The present study was aimed to clarify, for the first time, the role of specific maladaptive personality trait facets in youth gambling, as well as to explore the interplay between personality facets, mentalization, and gambling among high school students. Three hundred and sixty-five high school students administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescence (SOGS-RA), the 220-item Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8). Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that male gender, older age, high scores on Uncertainty about mental states, Perceptual dysregulation, Deceitfulness, and Attention seeking significantly predict gambling severity. The mediation analysis revealed that the effect of Uncertainty about mental states on gambling severity was mediated by Perceptual dysregulation and Deceitfulness. Results indicated that impaired mentalizing could constitute a vulnerable condition for the development of maladaptive personality functioning that, in turn, could predispose to engage in gambling. The present study provides an important contribution, identifying the potential personality dimensions underlying gambling problems and shedding light on the role of mentalizing functioning in the personality, so it turns out to be useful in developing preventive interventions for gambling addiction in youth
Regret and Other Emotions Related to Decision-Making: Antecedents, Appraisals, and Phenomenological Aspects
Full text linkObjectives: The mainstream position on regret in psychological literature is that its necessary conditions are agency and responsibility, that is, to choose freely but badly. Without free choice, other emotions, such as disappointment, are deemed to be elicited when the outcome is worse than expected. In two experiments, we tested the opposite hypothesis that being forced by external circumstances to choose an option inconsistent with one’s own intentions is an important source of regret and a core component of its phenomenology, regardless of the positivity/negativity of the post-decision outcome. Along with regret, four post-decision emotions – anger toward oneself, disappointment, anger toward circumstances, and satisfaction – were investigated to examine their analogies and differences to regret with regard to antecedents, appraisals, and phenomenological aspects.
Methods: Through the scenario methodology, we manipulated three variables: choice (free/forced), outcome (positive/negative), and time (short/long time after decision-making). Moreover, we investigated whether responsibility, decision justifiability, and some phenomenological aspects (self-attribution, other attribution, and contentment) mediated the effect exerted by choice, singularly or in interaction with outcome and time, on the five emotions. Each study was conducted with 336 participants, aged 18–60.
Results: The results of both studies were similar and supported our hypothesis. In particular, regret elicited by forced choice was always high, regardless of the valence of outcome, whereas free choice elicited regret was high only with a negative outcome. Moreover, regret was unaffected by responsibility and decision justifiability, whereas it was affected by the three phenomenological dimensions.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that (1) the prevailing theory of regret is too binding, since it posits as necessary some requirements which are not; (2) the antecedents and phenomenology of regret are broader than it is generally believed; (3) decision-making produces a complex emotional constellation, where the different emotions, singularly and/or in combination, constitute the affective responses to the different aspects of decision-making
The mediating role of decision-making styles in the relationship between morningness-eveningness preference and gambling involvement
Full text linkIt has been reported that evening-types are related to several risk-taking behaviour, including gambling. Both morningness-eveningness preference and gambling disorders have been associated with specific decision-making styles. The present study aimed to assess the relationship among morningness-eveningness preference, gambling disorder, and decision-making styles. Three-hundred and seventy-four volunteers (31.93 ± 12.75 years; 43.30 % males) completed the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, the General Decision-Making Style inventory, and the South Oaks Gambling Screen. The results showed that evening-types reported higher scores on the gambling severity especially for men, as well as on the Spontaneous decision-making style, whereas morning-types scored lower on the gambling severity and higher on the Rational decision-making style. The correlation analysis showed the associations between morningness-eveningness preference and gambling severity, Rational and Spontaneous styles, as well as the associations between gambling severity and Rational, Avoidant and Spontaneous styles. Mediation analysis demonstrated that morning-types were more rational, and, in turn, the Rational scale was negatively associated with SOGS. The analysis also showed that evening-types were more avoidant in their decision-making styles, and, in turn, this tendency to avoid decision-making significantly predicted gambling severity. The results are discussed with reference to circadian phase (and its changes) and amplitude
Drivers of adolescent chasing behavior: The role of craving, decision-making, alcohol use, and gambling severity
No full textCraving and impaired decision-making are hallmark features of addiction, playing a prominent role in gambling disorder. These factors are central to loss-chasing behavior, a core diagnostic criterion of gambling dependence characterized by persistent attempts to recover prior losses. This study examines the interplay of craving, affective decision-making, decision-making styles, alcohol use, and gambling severity in chasing behavior among 272 Italian adolescents aged 14–19. Participants completed validated measures, including the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), General Decision-Making Style (GDMS), Gambling Craving Scale (GACS), and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Chasing behavior was assessed using a computerized task, with participants randomly assigned to either a Control or Loss condition. Regression and path analyses indicated that craving was the strongest predictor of both chasing initiation and persistence, while alcohol consumption was uniquely associated with greater chasing persistence. Conversely, a dependent decision-making style emerged as a protective factor, being associated with reduced engagement in chasing behavior. Notably, neither gambling severity (measured by the SOGS-RA) nor affective decision-making capacity (assessed via the IGT) predicted chasing outcomes. These findings suggest that chasing operates as an independent behavioral mechanism within gambling disorder, distinct from generalized gambling severity or neurocognitive decision-making deficits
Time consciousness: Silence, mindfulness, and subjective time perception
No full textAlthough recent theories of consciousness have emerged to define what consciousness is, an under-represented aspect within this field remains: time consciousness. However, the subjective passage of time is modulated by changing experiences within different situational contexts and by self-awareness. The experience of silence influences our awareness of self, space, and time, and it impacts on psychological well-being. The present review describes how self and time are influenced by different situations of silence (pure silence indoors and outdoors, the "just thinking" situation, and the combination of silence with deep relaxation). Also, the changes in time experience during a "forced" waiting situation due to the COVID-19 lockdown are presented in order to highlight the role of boredom in waiting situations and in situations in which we are alone with "our thoughts." Finally, in the context of the importance of creating silence through meditation practices, the alterations to one's sense of self and time during mindfulness meditation are reviewed. These studies are discussed within the framework of the cognitive models of prospective time perception, such as the attentional-gate model and the model of self-regulation and self-awareness
Effects of a chance task outcome on the offers in the ultimatum game: The mediation role of emotions
No full textThis study investigated the effect of a chance task outcome on the offers made at the Ultimatum Game (UG). In addition, the putative mediation role of incidental (unrelated to UG) and integral (elicited by UG) emotions and beliefs was examined. The incidental emotions were induced by manipulating the task outcome in a positive or negative direction. As concerns integral emotions and beliefs, we took into account those supposed to underlie the offers amount, such as empathy, sense of fairness, fear of rejection etc. Results showed that a negative outcome led proposers to decrease the offers amount and that this effect was mediated by integral emotions and beliefs. Instead, positive incidental emotions produced suppression effects
Positive Illusions: The Role of Cognitive Distortions Related to Gambling and Temporal Perspective in Chasing Behavior
No full textChasing, or continuing to gamble to recoup previous losses, is a behavioral marker and a
diagnostic criterion for gambling disorder. Even though chasing has been recognized to
play a central role in gambling disorder, research on chasing is still relatively scarce. This
study first empirically investigated the interplay between cognitive distortions related to
gambling, temporal perspective, and chasing behavior in a sample of habitual gamblers.
Two hundred and fifty-five adults took part in the study. Participants completed the South
Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), the
14-item Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14), and performed a computerized
task assessing chasing behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to three
experimental conditions (Control, Loss, and Win). Hierarchical logistic regression analysis
showed that the decision to chase depended on scores on the CFC-14 Immediate scale and
the GRCS dimensions Gambling Expectancies and Interpretative Bias. Hierarchical linear
regression analysis indicated that, chasing frequency was affected by Loss condition,
distortions related to gambling expectancies and predictive control, as well as by myopia
for the future. Interestingly, the results of path analysis clearly indicated that some cognitions
related to gambling predict chasing frequency not only directly, but also indirectly via
shortened time horizon. Notably, gambling severity did not predict either the decision to
chase, or the chasing persistence. These findings provide further evidence that nonchasers
and chasers seem to belong to two quite distinct subtypes of gamblers. Such a difference
could be useful for targeting more effective intervention strategies in gambling disorder
treatment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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