1,720,966 research outputs found
Prostate Cancer Screening and Incidence in Men with HIV Compared to Men Without HIV
Full text linkBackground
It has been observed that prostate cancer (PCa) incidence in men with HIV is lower than in men without HIV. It is not known if this observation is attributable to differences in screening, detection, or underlying biology.
Methods
We described incidence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and PCa in Medicaid beneficiaries with and without HIV enrolled in 14 US states in 2001-2015. We compared PSA testing by HIV status using Poisson regression. We also estimated models stratified by state and pooled estimates using random effects meta-analysis to account for heterogeneity in PSA testing by state. We estimated adjusted cause-specific and sub-distribution hazard ratios using Cox regression and Fine and Grey models, respectively, to compare PCa incidence by HIV status among Medicaid beneficiaries in 14 US states in 2001-2015. Models estimated among Medicaid beneficiaries were also stratified by age and race-ethnicity. Lastly, we evaluated factors for association with PSA test among men with HIV enrolled in the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort (JHHCC) in 2000-2020 using Poisson regression.
Results
Men with HIV received PSA test more than men without HIV (pooled IRR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.97 1.27). Similar results were observed in models stratified by age and race-ethnicity. PCa incidence was lower in men with HIV compared to men without HIV (csHR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.99), but this association varied by race-ethnicity, with PCa incidence in men with HIV lower than men without HIV among non-Hispanic Black (csHR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91) and Hispanic (csHR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.09), but not non-Hispanic White men (csHR=1.17; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.50). Men with greater engagement in HIV and other healthcare were more likely to receive PSA test among JHHCC participants.
Conclusions
PCa incidence was lower among men with HIV compared to men without HIV despite greater receipt of PSA test among men with HIV, suggesting differences in incidence are not due to differences in screening. Further research among men who have received screening is needed to identify where differences in detection or underlying biology of PCa may exist
EFFECTS OF COMMON GENETIC VARIANTS IN TP53 AND TLR8 ON IMMUNE RESPONSE AND RISK OF CANCER IN PEOPLE WITH HIV/AIDS
Full text linkBackground: Cancer represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and risk of most cancer exceeds that observed in the general population. A substantial proportion of cancers in PLWHA may be attributable to infection, with risk largely due to HIV-related immune deficiency and co-infection with oncogenic pathogens. p53 is a tumor suppressor also involved in innate immune signaling via the Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8). SNPs in both the TP53 (rs1042522) and TLR8 (rs3764880) genes may mediate the innate immune response, with the TP53 G and TLR8 A alleles hypothesized to be jointly protective against cancer.
Methods: Seven hundred and sixty participants enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) provided blood samples for ascertainment of SNP genotypes. Outcomes assessed were diagnosis of any cancer, AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining cancer, and infection-related cancer up to two years after participants’ last visits. Exact Poisson regression was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratios associated with SNP genotypes for each outcome. Joint SNP effects were estimated using an interaction term.
Results: SNPs were found to be jointly protective against any cancer (interaction IRR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.01-42.71), ADCs (interaction IRR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.01-48.55), and infection-related cancers (interaction IRR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.01-39.37) in multivariable models while main effects of SNPs were slightly protective or had no effect for all outcomes.
Discussion: These findings are consistent with a hypothesized synergistic effect of SNPs on the immune response. Weak main SNP effects and strong interaction indicate a protective effect of SNPs only in the presence of each other. Future work will address missing data using imputation and potential effects of sex by adding data collected by the Women’s Interagency HIV Study
Prostate Cancer Screening and Incidence in Men with HIV Compared to Men Without HIV
Full text linkBackground
It has been observed that prostate cancer (PCa) incidence in men with HIV is lower than in men without HIV. It is not known if this observation is attributable to differences in screening, detection, or underlying biology.
Methods
We described incidence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and PCa in Medicaid beneficiaries with and without HIV enrolled in 14 US states in 2001-2015. We compared PSA testing by HIV status using Poisson regression. We also estimated models stratified by state and pooled estimates using random effects meta-analysis to account for heterogeneity in PSA testing by state. We estimated adjusted cause-specific and sub-distribution hazard ratios using Cox regression and Fine and Grey models, respectively, to compare PCa incidence by HIV status among Medicaid beneficiaries in 14 US states in 2001-2015. Models estimated among Medicaid beneficiaries were also stratified by age and race-ethnicity. Lastly, we evaluated factors for association with PSA test among men with HIV enrolled in the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort (JHHCC) in 2000-2020 using Poisson regression.
Results
Men with HIV received PSA test more than men without HIV (pooled IRR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.97 1.27). Similar results were observed in models stratified by age and race-ethnicity. PCa incidence was lower in men with HIV compared to men without HIV (csHR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.99), but this association varied by race-ethnicity, with PCa incidence in men with HIV lower than men without HIV among non-Hispanic Black (csHR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91) and Hispanic (csHR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.09), but not non-Hispanic White men (csHR=1.17; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.50). Men with greater engagement in HIV and other healthcare were more likely to receive PSA test among JHHCC participants.
Conclusions
PCa incidence was lower among men with HIV compared to men without HIV despite greater receipt of PSA test among men with HIV, suggesting differences in incidence are not due to differences in screening. Further research among men who have received screening is needed to identify where differences in detection or underlying biology of PCa may exist
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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