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Copyright as an Obstacle to Cultural Digitization Projects
No full textRazvoj digitalnih tehnologij je prinesel nove načine varstva in razširjanja kulturne dediščine. Z digitalizacijo je dostop do kulturnih del omogočen neomejenemu številu posameznikov, obenem so dela zaščitena pred degradacijo zaradi poteka časa. Slednje je osrednji namen projektov digitalizacije kulturne dediščine.
Digitalizacija avtorskega dela predstavlja nedovoljen poseg v izključno pravico do reproduciranja, objava na spletu pa poseg v izključno pravico do dajanja na voljo javnosti, če pred tem ni pridobljeno soglasje imetnika pravic. Ker v pravnem redu Evropske unije (EU) ni odprte izjeme, kot je poštena uporaba v Združenih državah Amerike (ZDA), je za zakonito izvedbo projektov digitalizacije treba »deaktivirati« avtorsko pravico. Razčiščevanje pravic za posamezna dela je drago in zamudno, še posebej pri masovnih projektih digitalizacije kulturne dediščine. Obenem številna avtorskopravno varovana dela nimajo znanega avtorja (t.i. osirotela dela) ali niso komercialno izkoriščana (t.i. razprodana dela), kar onemogoča ali znatno otežuje pridobitev licenc.
Da bi olajšala projekte digitalizacije kulturne dediščine, je EU v zadnjih letih sprejela številne ukrepe, ki spreminjajo dosedanjo avtorskopravno ureditev. Predmetna raziskava te ukrepe kontekstualizira in analizira.The development of digital technologies has brought new ways of protecting and disseminating cultural heritage. With digitization, access to cultural works is made possible to an unlimited number of individuals, while at the same time works are protected from degradation due to the passage of time. The latter is the central aim of cultural heritage digitization projects.
Digitization of a copyright protected work constitutes an infringement of the exclusive right of reproduction, while publication on the internet constitutes an infringement of the exclusive right to make it available to the public, unless prior authorization of the rightsholder is obtained. Since there is no open exception in the copyright legal framework of the European Union (EU) such as is the fair use in the United States of America (USA), it is necessary to "deactivate" the copyright for digitization projects to be legal. Clearing the rights for individual works is expensive and time-consuming, especially in mass digitization projects of cultural heritage. At the same time, many copyrighted works do not have a known author (i.e. orphan works) or are not commercially exploited (i.e. out-of-commerce works), which makes it impossible or significantly more difficult to obtain licenses.
To facilitate the cultural digitization projects, the EU has adopted several measures that have reshaped the copyright legal framework in recent years. This research contextualizes and analyzes these EU measures
Pet food as a risk factor for the health of their owners
No full textUvod: Hišne živali so v današnji družbi postale sestavni del številnih gospodinjstev. Zdravje in dobro počutje hišnih živali je odgovornost, ki jo večina lastnikov jemlje zelo resno. Posledično se lastniki vse bolj zanašajo na visoko kakovostno hrano za hišne živali, ki poleg udobja zagotavlja tudi zdrav razvoj. Dokazano je, da hišna žival prinaša koristi za zdravje njihovim lastnikom. Lastniki živali doživljajo manj anksioznosti in osamljenosti, so bolj telesno aktivni, in imajo dobre odnose z drugimi lastniki ter hitreje okrevajo po bolezni. V zadnjih letih je v porastu »humanizacija« interakcij med lastnikom in hišno živaljo. Industrija hišnih živali se je na to odzvala in lastnike spodbudila, naj večjo pozornost namenijo prehrani svojih živali. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je s pomočjo namenskega vprašalnika ugotoviti navade lastnikov hišnih živali glede na način prehranjevanja slednjih, razloge lastnikov za prehrano svojih hišnih živali, ki temelji na surovem mesu in drugi surovi hrani, navade lastnikov hišnih živali pri rokovanju s surovo hrano za slednje, znanje in zavedanje lastnikov glede morebitnih tveganj, ki jih surova hrana za hišne živali predstavlja. Metode dela: Zbrali smo vso relevantno literaturo na obravnavanem področju, zasnovali vprašalnik za ciljno populacijo, vprašalnik objavili v interesnih skupinah na družbenih omrežjih in analizirali rezultate s pomočjo statističnih metod. Rezultati: Več kot polovica lastnikov hišnih živali, ki so sodelovali v anketi, v prehrani le-teh uporablja surovo (nepredelano) hrano (surovo meso, surove kosti, surova jajca). Največ lastnikov se je z omenjeno prehrano za hišne živali seznanilo na internetu (37 %), pri veterinarju (20 %), znancih (13 %) in vzrediteljih (13 %). Glavna motivacija za hranjenje hišnih živali s surovo hrano je nadzor lastnika nad tem, kar žival zaužije in korist za zdravje hišnih živali. Skoraj tretjina lastnikov ne ločuje pripomočkov za pripravo hrane za hišne živali in pripravo hrane za člane gospodinjstva. Večina lastnikov (81 %) po uporabi pripomočke in površine temeljito očisti. 35 % lastnikov pred pripravo obroka za hišno žival surovo meso spere. Lastniki si roke bolj pogosto umivajo po pripravi obroka (88 %) za hišno žival kot pred pripravo (67 %). Razprava in zaključek: Ocenjujemo, da obstaja tveganje za zdravje lastnikov pri hranjenju hišnih živali s surovo hrano zaradi neupoštevanja dobre higienske prakse. V raziskavi je ugotovljeno, da nekateri lastniki ne ločujejo pripomočkov za pripravo hrane za hišne živali in pripravo hrane za člane gospodinjstva, ne čistijo in ne razkužujejo dosledno površin in pripomočkov, niso pozorni na datume minimalne trajnosti hrane in si ne umivajo rok po in pred pripravo hrane za hišne živali. V kolikor lastniki ne izvajajo vseh ukrepov dobre higienske prakse, obstaja možnost navzkrižnega onesnaženja. Svetujemo pripravo smernic za lastnike hišnih živali na temo dobre higienske prakse pri pripravi surove hrane za hišne živali.Introduction: In today\u27s society, pets have become an important part in many households. The health and well-being of pets is a responsibility that most pet owners take very seriously. As a result, owners are relying more and more on high-quality pet food to ensure not only comfort, but also healthy pet development. It has benn proven that owning a pet has health benefits for the owner. Pet owners have a lower risk of anxiety and loneliness, are better able to interact with other pet owners, and recover more quickly from illness. In recent years, the »humanization« of interactions between the owner and the pet has increased. The pet industry has responded by encouraging owners to pay more attention to their pets\u27 diets. Purpose: The purpose of this master\u27s thesis is to use a questionnaire to determine pet owners\u27 feeding habits, owners\u27 reasons for raw feeding their pets, owners\u27 knowledge and awareness of possible risks of raw feeding, and possible differences among pet owners. Methods: We collected all the relevant literature on the researched topic, designed a questionnaire for the target audience, published the questionnaire in interest groups on social networks and analyzed the results with the help of statistical methods. Results: More than half of pet owners use raw food in the diet of their pets. Most of the owners got acquainted with the raw pet food diet on the internet (37 %), from the veterinarian (20 %), friends (13 %) and breeders (13 %). The main motivation for feeding pets raw food is owners\u27 control over what the animal eats and because of the pet\u27s health benefits. Almost one third of the owners do not separate the equipment for preparing food for pets and their own food. Most owners (81 %) thoroughly clean the tools and surfaces after using them. 35 % of owners wash raw meat before preparing a meal for their pet. Owners wash their hands more often after preparing a meal (88 %) for their pet than before (67 %). Discussion and conclusion: We estimate that there is a risk to the health of owners when feeding pets raw food due to the poor performance of good hygiene practice. The survey found that some owners do not separate utensils for preparing food for pets and food for household members, do not consistently clean and disinfect surfaces and utensils, do not pay attention to food expiration dated and don\u27t wash their hand after and before preparing food for pets. If the owners don\u27t implement all measures of good hygiene practice there is a possibility of cross-contamination. We advise the preparation of guidelines for pet owners on the topic of good hygiene practice in the preparation of raw food for pets
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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