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Archaeological site The Lim Cave on the northern slopes of the Lim Bay in the Municipality of Vrsar
No full textOvaj diplomski rad imao je za cilj sveobuhvatnu analizu arheološkog materijala prikupljenog na lokalitetu Lim pećina, smještenog na sjevernim padinama Limskog zaljeva. To uključuje inkorporaciju detaljne arheozoološke analize životinjskih koštanih ostataka, arheomalakološku analizu mekušaca te tehnološku i tipološku analizu litičkih i keramičkih nalaza. Rad nastoji pridonijeti razumijevanju stratigrafije lokaliteta i cjelokupnog vremenskog okvira njegove naseljenosti, te kontekstualizaciji pronađenih nalaza unutar šireg regionalnog i interregionalnog povijesnog okvira.
Stratigrafija Lim pećine prezentira slijed s gornjim slojevima (SJ 1 i SJ 2) preliminarno datiranim u eneolitik i potencijalno brončano doba, dok se donji slojevi (SJ 3 i SJ 4) preliminarno smještaju u pleistocen zbog odsutnosti keramičkih nalaza. Ovaj slijed sugerira dugotrajan, ali vjerojatno isprekidan boravak ljudi u pećini. Za razliku od Romualdove pećine, gdje je utvrđena kompleksna i često poremećena stratigrafija, osobito u gornjim slojevima, stratigrafija Lim pećine čini se koherentnijom za datiranje kasnijih prapovijesnih razdoblja. U Romualdovoj pećini, istraživanja sonde 3 iz 2014. godine zabilježila su 14 slojeva, od kojih se prvih 5 pripisuje brončanom i željeznom dobu, no analiza keramičkog materijala pokazala je značajnu poremećenost i miješanje nalaza, s ulomcima iste posude pronađenima na različitim razinama. Također, životinjska aktivnost, poput jazavca, značajno je djelovala na stratigrafske odnose gornjih slojeva u Romualdovoj pećini.
Arheozoološkom analizom u Lim pećini zabilježeni su tragovi gorenja na kostima divljači (lisice, jelena, zeca, vuka/psa, divokoze) i domaćih životinja (goveda i ovikaprida), što jasno ukazuje na moguću termičku obradu i konzumaciju mesa. Romualdova pećina, s druge strane, nudi dulju i raznovrsniju povijest faunalnih nalaza, s brojnim ostacima velikih pleistocenskih životinja poput špiljskog medvjeda, špiljskog lava i vunastog nosoroga u gornjopaleolitičkim slojevima. U holocenskim slojevima Romualdove pećine pronađeni su ostaci jazavca, zeca/kunića, lisice i domaće ovce, no većina ovih nalaza ne pokazuje tragove ljudske aktivnosti ili modifikacije, što sugerira prirodnu akumulaciju sedimenata.
Malakološka analiza iz Lim pećine otkrila je korištenje morskih školjkaša poput kamenice (Ostrea edulis L.) i dagnje (Mytilus galloprovinicalis Lamarc) u prehrani, o čemu svjedoče tragovi termalnih modifikacija. Kopneni mekušci roda Pupilla nisu korišteni u prehrani, ali pružaju paleoekološke podatke o otvorenom, vapnenačkom i vlažnom ili močvarnom staništu oko pećine. Za Romualdovu pećinu, izvori ne pružaju detaljne informacije o malakološkim nalazima za izravnu usporedbu, osim općeg spominjanja nekoliko školjaka prikupljenih tijekom terenskih pregleda u Limskom kanalu.
Ljudski koštani ostaci u Lim pećini obuhvaćaju fragment proksimalne trećine dijafize desne lakatne kosti (ulne) i fragment srednje trećine dijafize desne lisne kosti (fibule), oba pripadaju odrasloj osobi, vjerojatno muškarcu, i pronađeni su u SJ 1. Romualdova pećina sadrži ljudske ostatke iz različitih prapovijesnih razdoblja, uključujući dva dječja zuba iz gornjeg paleolitika (stratum C). Novija istraživanja u Romualdovoj pećini zabilježila su prisutnost najmanje dvije osobe (odrasla i dijete) iz brončanog i željeznog doba, s radiometrijskom datacijom fragmenta tibije na 3150 ± 46 godina prije sadašnjosti.
Analiza litičkog materijala iz Lim pećine otkrila je 17 izrađevina, s dominacijom sječiva i prisutnošću samo jedne jezgre (N 17). Raznolikost sirovina (Scaglia rosse, Biancone, Scaglia variegate, mogući ahat) ukazuje na korištenje ne-lokalnih materijala s porijeklom iz Trentina i Apeninskog poluotoka. To snažno sugerira da se intenzivna proizvodnja oruđa nije odvijala in situ u pećini, već su oruđa ili sirovine dovoženi na lokalitet, što je dokaz dalekosežnih trgovačkih veza i mobilnosti prapovijesnih zajednica. Romualdova pećina je također bogata litičkim nalazima, ali s duljim kronološkim rasponom i dokazima o lokalnoj proizvodnji. Nalazi sežu od srednjeg do gornjeg paleolitika, s alatkama musterijenske kulture (Neandertalci), a in situ mapiranih 109 litičkih nalaza u SJ 20-21 Romualdove pećine sugerira in situ epizodu proizvodnje litike.
Keramički materijal iz Lim pećine izrazito je fragmentiran, što otežava detaljniju analizu, no gornji kulturni slojevi (SJ 1 i SJ 2) preliminarno su smješteni u bakreno i potencijalno brončano doba, a prisutnost prapovijesne keramike datira od neolitika do željeznog doba. Raznoliki stilovi ukrašavanja uključuju barbotin, metličasti ukras, geometrijske motive i plastične trake s otiscima prstiju. Posebno su zanimljivi nalazi bukle (plastične bradavice) koje pronalazimo na posudama na Monkodonji koje služe za preradu mliječnih proizvoda, te kružne perforacije analogne sa Limskom gradinom koje se mogu povezati s lijevcima, metalurškim aktivnostima ili kultom, sugerirajući složenije funkcije pećine. Keramički materijal iz Romualdove pećine također je iznimno fragmentiran, pripada brončanom i željeznom dobu, s Malezovim nalazima iz brončanog doba u gornjim slojevima. Faktura uključuje grubu smeđu (pithosi), srednje grubu smeđu (lonci, zdjele, amfore), pjeskovitu smeđu (lonci za kuhanje) i finu keramiku (zdjele, šalice), uz prisutno glačanje površine. Stilovi ukrašavanja obuhvaćaju urezivanje (cik-cak, riblja kost, paralelne linije), žlijebljenje (koncentrični krugovi), kaneliranje, ubadanje štapićem, ukrašavanje otiskom prstiju i pseudovrpčasti ornament. Među specifičnim tipovima ističu se koljenasto profilirane ručke, peterokutne ručke i potkovičaste aplikacije. Datacija keramičkog materijala Romualdove pećine široko seže od razvijene faze ranog brončanog doba do prvog stupnja željeznog doba (1850. – 800. g. pr. Kr.). Problemi stratigrafije u Romualdovoj pećini dodatno su naglašeni keramičkim nalazima, gdje se ulomci iste posude nalaze u različitim slojevima, što ukazuje na miješanje.
Ključni dokaz razvijene ekonomije i društvenih kontakata u brončanom dobu je prisutnost ne-lokalnih litičkih sirovina koje potječu iz Trentina i Apeninskog poluotoka. Ovi nalazi svjedoče o postojanju dalekosežnih trgovačkih mreža i mobilnosti ljudi. Raznolikost keramičkih stilova potvrđuje intenzivne kulturne kontakte i preklapanja. Ljudski koštani ostaci, potencijalna ritualna namjena keramičkih posuda (kružne perforacije) te uočene špiljske slikarije od strane mr. sc. Darka Komše (prema usmenom priopćenju dr. sc. Katarine Geromette) ukazuju na mogućnost da je Lim pećina imala i dublji, simbolički ili ritualni značaj, izvan puke svakodnevne upotrebe.
U konačnici, Lim pećina i Romualdova pećina ključni su lokaliteti za razumijevanje prapovijesti Limskog zaljeva i Istre. Romualdova pećina ima dulju i dublju povijest ljudske prisutnosti, s jasnim dokazima iz srednjeg i gornjeg paleolitika (litički nalazi Neandertalaca, ljudski zubi, paleolitičke stijenske slikarije bizona i kozoroga stare preko 30.000 godina), što je čini iznimno važnom za proučavanje ranih faza ljudskog razvoja u jugoistočnoj Europi. Njezine stijenske slikarije predstavljaju prvo otkriće takve vrste u Hrvatskoj. S druge strane, stratigrafija Lim pećine, unatoč preliminarnoj dataciji, čini se koherentnijom u kasnijim prapovijesnim razdobljima, omogućujući stabilnije kronološke interpretacije od eneolitika do brončanog doba. Nalazi iz Lim pećine naglašavaju mobilnost i trgovačke veze, raznovrsne prehrambene strategije te potencijalno specijalizirane ekonomske i ritualne aktivnosti u pećini. Ova usporedba naglašava komplementarnost podataka dobivenih s oba lokaliteta, pružajući cjelovitiju sliku o naseljenosti, ekonomiji i kulturnim interakcijama prapovijesnih zajednica u Limskom kanalu kroz duga vremenska razdoblja. Daljnja istraživanja na oba lokaliteta, uz primjenu suvremenih multidisciplinarnih metoda, imat će ključnu ulogu u produbljivanju našeg razumijevanja prapovijesti Istre.This master’s thesis aimed at a comprehensive analysis of archaeological material collected at the Lim Cave site, located on the northern slopes of the Lim Bay. This includes the incorporation of detailed archaeozoological analysis of animal bone remains, an archaeomalacological analysis of molluscs, and a technological and typological analysis of lithic and ceramic finds. The paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of the site's stratigraphy and the overall chronological framework of its occupation, as well as to contextualize the finds within a broader regional and interregional historical framework.
The stratigraphy of Lim Cave presents a sequence with upper layers (SJ 1 and SJ 2) provisionally dated to the Eneolithic and potentially the Bronze Age, while the lower layers (SJ 3 and SJ 4) are provisionally placed in the Pleistocene due to the absence of ceramic finds. This sequence suggests a long-term, though likely intermittent, human presence in the cave. In contrast to Romuald's Cave, where complex and often disturbed stratigraphy has been identified, especially in the upper layers, Lim Cave's stratigraphy appears to be more coherent for dating later prehistoric periods. In Romuald's Cave, excavations of trench 3 from 2014 recorded 14 layers, the first 5 of which are attributed to the Bronze and Iron Ages, but ceramic material analysis showed significant disturbance and mixing of finds, with fragments of the same vessel found at different levels. Additionally, animal activity, such as that of badgers, significantly impacted the stratigraphic relationships of the upper layers in Romuald's Cave.
Archaeozoological analysis in Lim Cave revealed traces of burning on the bones of wild animals (fox, deer, hare, wolf/dog, chamois) and domestic animals (cattle and sheep/goat), clearly indicating possible thermal processing and consumption of meat. Romuald's Cave, on the other hand, offers a longer and more diverse history of faunal finds, with numerous remains of large Pleistocene animals such as the cave bear, cave lion, and woolly rhinoceros in the Upper Paleolithic layers. In the Holocene layers of Romuald's Cave, remains of badgers, hares/rabbits, foxes, and domestic sheep were found, but most of these finds do not show signs of human activity or modification, suggesting natural accumulation of sediments.
Malacological analysis from Lim Cave revealed the use of marine bivalves such as oysters (Ostrea edulis L.) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovinicalis Lamarc) in the diet, evidenced by traces of thermal modification. Terrestrial mollusks of the genus Pupilla were not used for food but provide paleoecological data about an open, calcareous, and humid or marshy habitat around the cave. For Romuald's Cave, the sources do not provide detailed information on malacological finds for direct comparison, apart from a general mention of several shells collected during field surveys in the Lim Bay area.
Human bone remains in Lim Cave include a fragment of the proximal third of the diaphysis of the right ulna and a fragment of the middle third of the diaphysis of the right fibula, both belonging to an adult, likely male, found in SJ 1. Romuald's Cave, conversely, contains more significant human remains from various prehistoric periods, including two children's teeth from the Upper Paleolithic layers (stratum C). Recent investigations in Romuald's Cave also recorded the presence of at least two individuals (an adult and a child) from the Bronze and Iron Ages, with a radiometric dating of a tibia fragment to 3150 ± 46 years BP.
Lithic material analysis from Lim Cave revealed 17 artifacts, with a predominance of blades and the presence of only one blade core (N 17). The diversity of raw materials (Scaglia rossa, Biancone in yellow and black variations, Scaglia variegate, and possible agate) indicates the use of non-local materials originating from Trentino and the Apennine Peninsula. This strongly suggests that intensive tool production did not occur in situ in the cave, but rather tools or raw materials were brought to the site, providing evidence of long-distance trade networks and mobility of prehistoric communities. Romuald's Cave is also rich in lithic finds, but with a longer chronological span and evidence of local production. Finds range from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, with Mousterian culture tools (Neanderthals), and in situ mapped 109 lithic finds in SJ 20-21 of Romuald's Cave suggest an in situ lithic production episode.
Ceramic material from Lim Cave, highly fragmented, dates from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, with upper layers provisionally placed in the Copper Age and Bronze Age. Diverse decoration styles include barbotine, brush-stroke decoration, geometric motifs, and plastic bands with finger impressions. Particularly interesting are the finds of buckles (plastic bosses), which at Monkodonja are associated with processing dairy products, and circular perforations analogous to Limska Gradina that may be associated with funnels, metallurgical activities or cult, suggesting more complex functions of the cave. Ceramic material from Romuald's Cave is also extremely fragmented, belonging to the Bronze and Iron Ages, with Malez's finds from the Bronze Age in the upper layers. Fabric analysis includes coarse brown (pithoi), medium-coarse brown (pots, bowls, amphorae), sandy brown (cooking pots), and fine ceramics (bowls, cups), with surface burnishing present. Decoration styles encompass incising (zigzag, herringbone, parallel lines), grooving (concentric circles), channeling, stick-stabbing, finger-impressed decoration, and pseudo-corded ornament. Elbow-profiled and pentagonal handles, as well as horseshoe-shaped applications, were noted. Dating of ceramic material from Romuald's Cave broadly spans from the developed Early Bronze Age to the first phase of the Iron Age (1850 – 800 BC), with the most intensive settlements coinciding with Monkodonja (1850 – 1450 BC). Stratigraphy problems in Romuald's Cave are further emphasized by ceramic finds, where fragments of the same vessel are found in different layers, indicating mixing.
Key evidence of a developed economy and social contacts in the Bronze Age is the presence of non-local lithic raw materials originating from Trentino and the Apennine Peninsula. These finds testify to the existence of long-distance trade networks and human mobility. The diversity of ceramic styles confirms intense cultural contacts and overlaps. Human bone remains, the potential ritual purpose of ceramic vessels (circular perforations), and the observed cave paintings by Darko Komšo (according to verbal communication with Dr. Katarina Gerometta) indicate the possibility that Lim Cave also had a deeper, symbolic or ritual significance, beyond mere daily use.
Ultimately, Lim Cave and Romuald's Cave are crucial sites for understanding the prehistory of the Lim Bay and Istria. Romuald's Cave has a longer and deeper history of human presence, with clear evidence from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic (Neanderthal lithic finds, human teeth, Paleolithic rock paintings of bison and ibex over 30,000 years old), making it exceptionally important for studying the early stages of human development in Southeast Europe. Its rock paintings represent the first discovery of their kind in Croatia. On the other hand, Lim Cave's stratigraphy, despite preliminary dating, appears to be more coherent in later prehistoric periods, allowing for more stable chronological interpretations from the Eneolithic to the Bronze Age. The finds from Lim Cave emphasize mobility and trade connections, diverse dietary strategies, and potentially specialized economic and ritual activities in the cave. This comparison highlights the complementarity of data obtained from both sites, providing a more comprehensive picture of the occupation, economy, and cultural interactions of prehistoric communities in the Lim Bay over long periods. Further research at both sites, applying modern multidisciplinary methods, will play a key role in deepening our understanding of Istrian prehistory
Bronze Age tumulus Milovići near Gradina
No full textArheološko nalazište Milovići (Milojev vrh, Miloševićev vrh), k. č. 157/1 i k. č. 165/6, k.o. Gradina, Općina Vrsar) nalazi se na padini brda sjeverno od stare škole u Gradini nedaleko od Vrsara. Prilikom terenskog pregleda 2018. godine na vrhu brežuljka Milovići evidentirana je kamena gomila prekrivena gustom travom i mjestimično niskim raslinjem. Kamena gomila jasno je vidljiva na ortofotografiji te na osjenčanom modelu terena iz 2017. (Gerometta, 2019., 2) Djelomično je devastirana te je promjera oko 10 metara, a vidljivi su i veći kameni blokovi posloženi u niz oko vrha brežuljka. (Sadrić 2013., 14). Istraživanja su započela 2019. u sklopu projekta ArchaeoCulTour-Arheološki krajolik u održivom razvoju kulturnog turizma Općine Vrsar koji su financirali Hrvatska zaklada za znanost, Općina Vrsar, Turistička zajednica Općine Vrsar i Maistra d.d. Voditelj projekta je prof. dr. sc. Robert Matijašić sa Sveučilišta Jurja Dobrile u Puli. Na temelju pronađenih keramičkih, brončanih, koštanih nalaza, grobne arhitekture te relevantne literature uspoređen je i obrađen materijal u pogledu tipologije i kronologije.Archaeological site Milovići (Milojev top, Milošević top), k. č. 157/1 i k. č. 165/6, k. o. Gradina, Vrsar Municipality) is located on the hillside north of the old school in Gradina, not far from Vrsar. During the field inspection in 2018, a stone pile covered with thick grass and, in some places, low vegetation was recorded at the top of the Milovići hill. The stone pile is clearly visible on the orthophoto and on the shaded model of the terrain from 2017. (Gerometta, 2019., 2) It is partially devastated and has a diameter of about 10 meters, and larger stone blocks arranged in a row around the top of the hill are also visible. (Sadrić 2013., 14) Research began in 2019. as part of the ArchaeoCulTour project – Archaeological landscape in the sustainable development of cultural tourism in the municipality of Vrsar, which was financed by the Croatian Science Foundation, the Municipality of Vrsar, the Tourist Borad of the Municipality of Vrsar and Maistra d.d. The project leader is prof. Ph.D. Robert Matijašić from Jurja Dobrila University in Pula. On the basis of found ceramic, bronze, and bone finds, grave architecture, and relevant literature, the material was compared and processed in terms of typology and chronology
Bronze Age tumulus Milovići near Gradina
No full textArheološko nalazište Milovići (Milojev vrh, Miloševićev vrh), k. č. 157/1 i k. č. 165/6, k.o. Gradina, Općina Vrsar) nalazi se na padini brda sjeverno od stare škole u Gradini nedaleko od Vrsara. Prilikom terenskog pregleda 2018. godine na vrhu brežuljka Milovići evidentirana je kamena gomila prekrivena gustom travom i mjestimično niskim raslinjem. Kamena gomila jasno je vidljiva na ortofotografiji te na osjenčanom modelu terena iz 2017. (Gerometta, 2019., 2) Djelomično je devastirana te je promjera oko 10 metara, a vidljivi su i veći kameni blokovi posloženi u niz oko vrha brežuljka. (Sadrić 2013., 14). Istraživanja su započela 2019. u sklopu projekta ArchaeoCulTour-Arheološki krajolik u održivom razvoju kulturnog turizma Općine Vrsar koji su financirali Hrvatska zaklada za znanost, Općina Vrsar, Turistička zajednica Općine Vrsar i Maistra d.d. Voditelj projekta je prof. dr. sc. Robert Matijašić sa Sveučilišta Jurja Dobrile u Puli. Na temelju pronađenih keramičkih, brončanih, koštanih nalaza, grobne arhitekture te relevantne literature uspoređen je i obrađen materijal u pogledu tipologije i kronologije.Archaeological site Milovići (Milojev top, Milošević top), k. č. 157/1 i k. č. 165/6, k. o. Gradina, Vrsar Municipality) is located on the hillside north of the old school in Gradina, not far from Vrsar. During the field inspection in 2018, a stone pile covered with thick grass and, in some places, low vegetation was recorded at the top of the Milovići hill. The stone pile is clearly visible on the orthophoto and on the shaded model of the terrain from 2017. (Gerometta, 2019., 2) It is partially devastated and has a diameter of about 10 meters, and larger stone blocks arranged in a row around the top of the hill are also visible. (Sadrić 2013., 14) Research began in 2019. as part of the ArchaeoCulTour project – Archaeological landscape in the sustainable development of cultural tourism in the municipality of Vrsar, which was financed by the Croatian Science Foundation, the Municipality of Vrsar, the Tourist Borad of the Municipality of Vrsar and Maistra d.d. The project leader is prof. Ph.D. Robert Matijašić from Jurja Dobrila University in Pula. On the basis of found ceramic, bronze, and bone finds, grave architecture, and relevant literature, the material was compared and processed in terms of typology and chronology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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