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Eesti pensionisüsteemi reformide põlvkondadevaheliste efektide analüüs simulatsioonimeetodi abil
Get PDFEesti pensionisüsteemi reformide mõju pensionide ebavõrdsusele – mikrosimulatsiooni ja tüüpilise agendi mudelite põhine analüüs
Get PDFPärast taasiseseisvumist oli Eestis kuni 2000. a-ni pensionisüsteem, kus pensioniõigusi teeniti vastavalt staažile. 2002. a-l jõustus kogumispensioni skeem, ent kuivõrd sellega liitumine oli vanematele vanuserühmadele vabatahtlik, avaldub selle mõju pensionide jaotusele täiel määral alles aastakümnete pärast. Sama puudutab ka riikliku pensioni töötasuga seotud osakut, mis rakendus 2000. a-l. Neil põhjustel on pensionide ebavõrdsus olnud Eestis seni suhteliselt madal, ehkki tasapisi kasvav.
Doktoritöö keskmes on pensionisüsteemi reformide mõju pensionide ebavõrdsusele tulevikus. Sel eesmärgil on välja töötatud mikrosimulatsiooni mudel, mis võimaldab simuleerida pensionide arenguid kogurahvastikus aastani 2100. Viimastel kümnenditel on pensionireformide oluliseks väliseks tõuketeguriks olnud rahvastiku vananemine. Rahvastikumuutusega kohanemiseks on tõstetud pensioniiga ja ergutatud pensioniks säästmist. Tulevasi reforme ajendab tegema mh ka töövormide muutumine ja töö globaliseerumine.
Simulatsioonarvutuste järgi kasvab kogupensionide (riiklik pension ja kogumispensionid kokku) ebavõrdsus Eestis 2050. a-ni ja seejärel hakkab vähenema. Samas jääb tulevikus pensionide ebavõrdsus 2,5 korda madalamaks kui palkadel. Kogupensioni ebavõrdsust vähendavad oluliselt riikliku pensioni tugevad ümberjaotusmehhanismid, ent palkade ebavõrdsuse ülekandumist pensioniikka aitab vähendada ka kogumispension. Kogupensioni brutoasendusmäär langeks 2060. aastateks kuni 30%-ni riigi keskmisest palgast, hakates seejärel tõusma ja jõudes ligi 40%-ni aastaks 2100. Asendusmäära aitab suurendada riikliku pensionikindlustuse eelarve ülejäägi jagamine olemasolevate pensionäride vahel ning kogumispensionide rolli kasv. Jagades pensionärid pensioni suuruse järgi kümnesse gruppi, siis riiklike pensionide erinevused muutuks aastaks 2100 üsna väikseks – 2. detsiili ja 10. detsiili keskmine asendusmäär Eesti keskmisesse palka erineb vaid 5% võrra (26% vs 31%). Kui võrrelda samade detsiilide kogupensione, siis on erinevus üle 30 protsendipunkti (32% vs 65%). Pensioni aitab oluliselt suurendada kohustuslik kogumispension ja eriti vabatahtlik kogumispension.After regaining independence, Estonia had until 2000 a pension system where pension rights were earned according to the length of service. As a result, pension inequalities have been relatively low. In 2002 a funded pension scheme was introduced, but as joining the scheme was optional for older workers it will take several decades to achieve its full effect on pension distributions. The same applies to the earnings-related unit of the state pension introduced in
2000. For these reasons pension inequalities in Estonia have been low, albeit gradually increasing.
The focus of this thesis is on the effects of pension reforms on the future pension inequalities. A microsimulation model has been developed for this purpose, which can simulate pensions for the total population up to 2100. In the last decades, pension reforms have been triggered mainly by the aging of population. To tackle the challenges of aging, pension age has been increased and pension savings encouraged. Future reforms will also be driven by changing forms of work and the globalization of work.
According to simulations, the inequality of the total pensions (state and funded pensions in total) will increase in Estonia until 2050 and then start to decrease. Yet pension inequality in the future is 2.5 times lower than inequality of wages. Pension inequalities are significantly reduced by the strong redistribution mechanisms built into the state pension scheme. However, the funded schemes also help to reduce the transfer of wage inequalities into pension age.
By the 2060s, the gross replacement rate of total pensions (state and funded pensions) will fall to 30% of the national average wage, and will increase thereafter, reaching 40% by 2100. The replacement rate will be boosted by the surplus of the state pension budget, which can be shared between existing retirees, as well as by the growing role of funded pensions. When dividing retirees into ten groups according to their pension size, the state pensions would notably be quite similar across the income scale in 2100 – the average replacement rate of pensions to the national average wage of the 2nd decile and 10th decile would vary by only 5 percentage points (26% vs 31%). If comparing the total pension (state and funded pensions) of the same deciles, the difference is over 30 percentage points (32% vs 65%). The compulsory funded scheme and, in particular, the voluntary funded scheme will contribute significantly to the increase of pensions.https://www.ester.ee/record=b549239
Venemaa nafta- ja gaasitööstuse roll riigi majanduses
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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