1,720,991 research outputs found
Microparticulate powders for temporary suspensions
No full textL'oggetto dell'invenzione comprende polveri microparticellari per sospensioni temporanee dei farmaci caratterizzati da un sapore particolarmente sgradevole, in particolare acidi biliari
The routes of child labour: juvenile emigration and police regulations between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in L. Nuzzo, M. Pifferi, G. Speciale, C. Vano (a cura di), "Legal Responses to Mass Migration: From the Nineteenth Century to World War II", Routledge Giappichelli, Torino 2024.
No full textThe essay investigates the Italian juvenile emigration regulation between the country Unity and the enactment of the emigration law of 1901. Following to the first reports about the “children trade” in the 1860s, a law facing the problem of juvenile emigration and children exploitation abroad was promulgated in 1873, but it proved to be ineffective. Only the “social law” on emigration of 1901, directed to protect emigration, would represent a turning point in the regulation of children expatriations
The cost benefit ratio of enantiomeric drugs.
No full textSeveral drugs possess a chiral structure, i.e. they contain one or more stereogenic centres in their molecule. While naturally occurring active principles usually contain a single enantiomer, most chiral drugs produced by chemical synthesis are used in the form of racemic mixtures of two or more diastereoisomers. These stereoisomers (including enantiomers) may interact in different ways with biological structures and, therefore, may exhibit widely different pharmacokinetic properties. In the pharmaceutical industry, partly in response to increasing demands raised by regulatory authorities, these considerations justify the current trend to develop the single enantiomer characterized by the most favourable profile of activity (eutomer). The availability of new chemical and analytical technologies facilitates stereoselective synthetic processes and separation of individual enantiomers from racemic mixtures. Any decision to develop a drug as a single enantiomer, however, should be made only after careful evaluation of the cost-benefit ratio, i.e. when the advantages of the eutomer in terms of efficacy and tolerability outweigh the associated increase in production and development costs with respect to the racemic drug. This article takes into consideration synthetic procedures and pharmacological profiles for a number of chiral drugs in therapeutic use (naproxen, labetalol, and warfarin) or selected for clinical development, such as the beta-blocker dilevalol or the mucokinetic agent 3'-hydroxyfarrerol. These examples demonstrate that the kinetic, pharmacological and toxicological properties of individual enantiomers need to be clearly characterized before any decision can be made concerning the development of a chiral drug. The choice of preferentially developing a single enantiomer should be based on careful consideration of production and development costs and actual therapeutic advantages especially in terms of improved safety
Leaving Italy. Transoceanic Migration and Legal Discourses in the city of Napoli (1901-1910)
No full textComparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of two oral formulations of thiocolchicoside, a GABA-mimetic muscle relaxant drug, in normal volunteers.
No full textThe comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability profile of two different formulations (tablets and capsules) of thiocolchicoside was investigated in 8 healthy male volunteers after administration of single oral 8 mg doses. Plasma samples were assayed by a capillary gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method following enzymatic hydrolysis of thiocolchicoside to its aglycone (3-demethylthiocolchicine) and no attempt was made to account for the possible occurrence of hydrolysis in vivo. Irrespective of the formulation used, the drug was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, peak levels of about 17 ng/ml being detected within 1 h in most subjects. Elimination was rapid, with mean MRT values of 5-6 h. All kinetic parameters showed considerable interindividual variability but none differed significantly between the two formulations. Relative to the tablet formulation, the oral bioavailability of the capsule formulation was 1.06 +/- 0.39
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Biodegradable microbeads for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses
No full textBiodegradable microbeads, suitable for the preparation of formulations which can be administered by the oral, parenteral and topical routes, are obtained treating natural proteins (gelatin, albumin, casein) con glyceraldehyde as the cross-linking agent, optionally already in the presence of active ingredients
Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin- phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects.
No full textIdB 1016 is a complex of silybin (the main active component of silymarin) and phosphatidylcholine, which in animal models shows greater oral bioavailability and therefore greater pharmacological activity compared with pure silybin and silymarin. In order to assess its pharmacokinetic profile in man, plasma silybin levels were determined after administration of single oral doses of IdB 1016 and silymarin (equivalent to 360 mg silybin) to 9 healthy volunteers. Although absorption was rapid with both preparations, the bioavailability of IdB 1016 was much greater than that of silymarin, as indicated by higher plasma silybin levels at all sampling times after intake of the complex. Regardless of the preparation used, the terminal half-life was relatively short (generally less than 4 h). In a subsequent study, 9 healthy volunteers received IdB 1016 (120 mg b.i.d., expressed as silybin equivalents) for 8 consecutive days. The plasma silybin level profiles and kinetic parameters on day 1 were similar to those determined on day 8. Most of the silybin present in the systemic circulation was in conjugated form. Less than 3% of the administered dose was accounted for by urinary recovery of free plus conjugated silybin, a significant proportion of the dose probably being excreted in the bile. It is concluded that complexation with phosphatidylcholine in IdB 1016 greatly increases the oral bioavailability of silybin, probably by facilitating its passage across the gastrointestinal mucosa
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