1,721,252 research outputs found
Comparing the Innovation Performance of Canadian Firms and those of Selected European Countries: An Econometric Analysis
Full text linkThis paper follows on Therrien and Mohnen (2001). Here, we compare the innovation performance of manufacturing firms in Canada and four European countries - Germany, France, Ireland, and Spain - on the basis of an econometric model that identifies some of the determinants of the probability to innovate and of the intensity of innovation. We estimate jointly a probit for the incidence of innovation and a censored ordered probit for the intensity of innovation. The analysis is performed on the data from Statistics Canada's 1999 Innovation Survey and Eurostat's second Community Innovation Survey. Due to administrative constraints, data from Europe and Canada cannot be pooled together. From the estimates we compare and disentangle the observed and the expected innovation intensities in Canada and in Europe, using the framework developed by Mairesse and Mohnen (2002). Canada has a higher proportion of innovating firms but a lower share of innovative sales for its innovating firms. From the two effects combined we expect a typical Canadian firm to have a slightly higher share of innovative sales. The effects of firm size, cooperation in innovation, and government support make Canadian firms slightly more innovative than European firms, whereas the sectoral composition of output, the pressure of competition, the scope of innovation activities, and the novelty of innovation confer a slight advantage to Europe. Cette étude fait suite à celle de Therrien et Mohnen (2001). Cette fois-ci, nous comparons les performances en matière d'innovation des entreprises du Canada et de quatre pays européens - l'Allemagne, la France, l'Irlande et l'Espagne - à partir d'un modèle économétrique, où nous identifions quelques-uns des facteurs qui déterminent la probabilité d'innover et l'intensité d'innovation. Nous estimons conjointement un probit pour la probabilité d'innover et un probit ordonné pour l'intensité d'innover. Pour des raisons administratives, nous ne sommes pas en mesure d'empiler les données canadiennes et européennes. Ensuite, nous comparons les probabilités et les intensités d'innover observées et attendues en utilisant le cadre de décomposition développé par Mairesse et Mohnen (2002). Plus d'entreprises innovent au Canada que dans les quatre pays européens, mais parmi celles qui innovent les européennes ont un plus grand chiffre d'affaires en produits innovants. La taille des entreprises, la coopération en innovation et l'aide gouvernementale favorisent l'innovation au Canada, tandis que la composition sectorielle, la pression concurrentielle, le nombre d'activités innovantes et le degré de nouveauté des produits confèrent un léger avantage aux entreprises européennes de notre échantillon.Innovation surveys, innovativeness, international comparison, Enquêtes innovation, innovativité, comparaison internationale
Comparing the Innovation Performance in Canadian, French and German Manufacturing Enterprises
Full text linkThis paper compares pairwise the innovation performance of Canada with France and Germany, respectively. The comparison is based on two ordered probit models with sample selection, one where innovation is measured by the introduction of new-to-the firm products and one where it is measured by the introduction of new-to-the market products. The econometric analysis attempts to explain part of the country differences as the result of the sectoral composition of output, and the effects of size, environment conditions (proximity to basic research and competition) and innovation activities (internal R&D, the number of innovation activities, cooperation and government support). The Canadian firms benefit from being larger and more numerous in receiving government support, but suffer from a lack of competition and internal R&D. These structural effects combined, while informative, are not enough to explain a lot of the basic pattern of innovation revealed by the raw data. If we take the stronger measure of first-to-market innovation as a yardstick of innovation, the observed pairwise country differences are less strong, and our model explains a little bit more of the observed differences. Cette étude compare les performances d’innovation entre le Canada et la France d’une part, et entre le Canada et l’Allemagne d’autre part. La comparaison repose sur deux modèles de probit ordonné avec sélection. Le premier mesure l’innovation par l’introduction sur le marché de produits nouveaux pour la firme, le second par l’introduction de produits nouveaux pour le marché. L’analyse économétrique essaye d’expliquer une partie des différences nationales d’innovation par la composition sectorielle de la production, l’effet taille, les conditions environnementales (proximité de la recherche de base et concurrence) et les activités d’innovation (R-D interne, nombre d’activités innovantes, coopération et support gouvernemental). Les firmes canadiennes tirent avantage de leur plus grande taille et sont plus nombreuses à recevoir du support gouvernemental. Par contre, elles souffrent du manque de concurrence et de R-D interne. Au total, la prise en compte de ces effets structurels est certes révélatrice, mais n’explique qu’une faible partie des différences bilatérales dans les processus d’innovation. La mesure plus forte d’innovation par l’introduction de produits nouveaux pour le marché réduit les différences observées et les explique un peu mieux.innovation, international comparisons, innovation, comparaison internationale
Demande de facteurs et recherche-développement : estimations pour les Etats-Unis, le Japon, l'Allemagne et la France
No full text[fre] L'étude vise à comparer deux modèles de coûts d'ajustement, et à quantifier l'impact du déséquilibre dans les facteurs de production sur la croissance et le ralentissement de la productivité du travail. Un modèle de production brute et un modèle de valeur ajoutée sont estimés pour les secteurs manufacturiers des Etats-Unis, du Japon, de l'Allemagne fédérale et de la France sur la période 1965-1966/ 1977-1978. Le stock de capital physique et le stock de capital de recherche et développement sont considérés comme des facteurs quasi fixes tandis que le travail et les consommations intermédiaires (ou le travail et l'énergie suivant le modèle) sont traités comme des facteurs variables.. L'analyse dans le cadre de la production brute fait ressortir l'inertie du travail et l'évolution cyclique de la productivité du travail. L'estimation paramétrique des poids afférant aux facteurs de production dans le calcul de la croissance de la productivité du travail révèle que la prise en compte du déséquilibre diminue sensiblement le résidu, souvent interprété comme progrès technique, mais n'explique guère le ralentissement de la productivité du travail. [eng] Factor demands research and development : estimates for the U.S., Japan, Germant and France. Pierre Mohnen, Ishaq Nadiri. The focus of this study is to compare two adjustment cost models and to quantify the impact of disequilibrium in factors of production on the growth and slowdown of labour productivity. A gross output model and a value added model are estimated for the manufacturing sectors of the U.S., Japan, West Germany and France over the period 1965-1966/1977-1978. The physical capital stock and the stock of R & D knowledge are considered as quasi-fixed inputs, whereas labor and materials (or labor and energy depending on the model) are treated as variable inputs.. The analysis within the gross output framework reveals the sluggishness of labor and the cyclical behavior of labor productivity. The parametric estimation of the weights pertaining to the various inputs in the growth accounting of labor productivity reveals that the introduction of disequilibrium reduces the residual, often interpreted as technical progress, but explains very little of the labor productivity slowdown.
Is distance dying at last? Falling home bias in fixed effects models of patent citations
No full textWe examine the home bias of international knowledge spillovers as measured by the speed of patent citations (i.e. knowledge spreads slowly over international boundaries). We present the first compelling econometric evidence that the geographical localization of knowledge spillovers has fallen over time, as we would expect from the dramatic fall in communication and travel costs. Our proposed estimator controls for correlated fixed effects and censoring in duration models and we apply it to data on over two million citations between 1975 and 1999. Home bias declines substantially when we control for fixed effects: there is practically no home bias for the more modern sectors such as pharmaceuticals and information/communication technologies
Is Distance Dying at Last? Falling Home Bias in Fixed Effects Models of Patent Citations
Full text linkWe examine the home bias of international knowledge spillovers as measured by the speed of patent citations (i.e. knowledge spreads slowly over international boundaries). We present the first compelling econometric evidence that the geographical localization of knowledge spillovers has fallen over time, as we would expect from the dramatic fall in communication and travel costs. Our proposed estimator controls for correlated fixed effects and censoring in duration models and we apply it to data on over two million citations between 1975 and 1999. Home bias declines substantially when we control for fixed effects: there is practically no home bias for the more modern sectors such as pharmaceuticals and information/communication technologies.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Product, Process and Organizational Innovation: Drivers, Complementarity and Productivity Effects
Full text linkWe propose a model where both R&D and ICT investment feed into a system of three innovation output equations (product, process and organizational innovation), which ultimately feeds into a productivity equation. We find that ICT investment and usage are important drivers of innovation in both manufacturing and services. Doing more R&D has a positive effect on product innovation in manufacturing. The strongest productivity effects are derived from organizational innovation. We find positive effects of product and process innovation when combined with an organizational innovation. There is evidence that organizational innovation is complementary to process innovation. Nous estimons un modèle dans lequel la recherche-développement (R-D) et l’investissement en technologies de l’information et de la communication (tic) déterminent trois types d’innovation (de produit, de procédé, et organisationnelle), lesquels influencent à leur tour la productivité. Nous trouvons que l’investissement en tic facilite l’innovation tant dans le secteur manufacturier que dans celui des services. Faire de la R-D a un effet positif sur l’innovation en produit dans le secteur manufacturier. L’effet le plus important sur la productivité provient de l’innovation organisationnelle. Les deux autres types d’innovation n’augmentent la productivité que s’ils sont accompagnés d’innovation organisationnelle. Cette dernière est complémentaire à l’innovation de procédé.Innovation, ICT, R&D, productivity , Innovation, ICT, R&D, productivité
Product, Process and Organizational Innovation: Drivers, Complementarity and Productivity Effects
Full text linkWe propose a model where both R&D and ICT investment feed into a system of three innovation output equations (product, process and organizational innovation), which ultimately feeds into a productivity equation. We find that ICT investment and usage are important drivers of innovation in both manufacturing and services. Doing more R&D has a positive effect on product innovation in manufacturing. The strongest productivity effects are derived from organizational innovation. We find positive effects of product and process innovation when combined with an organizational innovation. There is evidence that organizational innovation is complementary to process innovation.Innovation; ICT; R&D; Productivity
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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