177,740 research outputs found
The more you spend, the more you get? The effects of R&D and capital expenditures on the patenting activities of biotechnology firms
No full textThis paper provides evidence on the mechanisms influencing the patent output of a sample of small and large, entrepreneurial and established biotechnology firms from the input of indirect knowledge acquired from capital expenditures and direct knowledge from in-house R&D. Statistical models of counts are used to analyse the relationship between patent applications and R&D investment and capital expenditures. It focuses on biotechnology in the period 2002-2007 and is based on a unique data set drawn from various sources including the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, the European Patent Office (EPO), the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO/PCT).
The statistical models employed in the paper are Poisson distribution generalisations with the actual distribution of patent counts fitting the negative binomial distribution and gamma distribution very well.
Findings support the idea that capital expenditures – taken as equivalent to technical change embodied in new machinery and capital equipment - may also play a crucial role in the development of new patentable items from scientific companies. For EPO patents, this role appears even more important than that played by R&D investment. The overall picture emerging from our analysis of the determinants of patenting in biotechnology is that the innovation process involves a well balanced combination of inputs from both R&D and new machinery and capital equipment
La Legge di Gibrat: un'applicazione al caso veneto
No full textSecondo la Legge della Crescita Proporzionale di Gibrat, il tasso di crescita di una data impresa dovrebbe essere indipendente dalla sua dimensione all’inizio del periodo considerato. Mentre numerosi studi precedenti portavano ad una sostanziale conferma della Legge, gran parti di quelli più recenti tendono a smentirla. Scopo di questo lavoro è di verificare se la Legge è confermata, per il periodo 1995-2005, in riferimento a un campione di imprese venete. Controllando per l’età e la dimensione delle imprese, i risultati evidenziano un allontanamento dalla Legge negli stadi iniziali del ciclo di vita delle imprese, con quelle più giovani che tendono a cresce più in fretta di quelle relativamente più mature. La Legge non viene invece rigettata una volta che le imprese hanno raggiunto una certa soglia in termini di eta
Il diritto dei mercanti e la dottrina giuridica in età moderna. Considerazioni comparative tra Benvenuto Stracca e Gerard Malynes
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Coatings of Bio-based materials on flexible food packaging: opportunities for problem solving and innovations (chapter 13)
No full textA sustainable new economy needs a marked turn in the use of raw materials and resources; if solar and wind power represent the perspective in the energy supply sector, bio-based materials (BBM) and their composites might be the future in the fi eld of new materials (Carus & Scholz, 2010). Every year, using different biosynthetic pathways, nature affords 170 billion metric tons of biomass, but only a small amount (around 3.5%), mainly represented by wood used for conventional applications, is utilized by mankind (Shen et al., 2010). The packaging sector, with food packaging by far its largest part, uses about 250 million tons of different materials and accounts for almost 500 billion dollars worldwide; about one third of that huge amount of material is made up of synthetic plastics (Piergiovanni, 2010). Therefore, the packaging sector represents a signifi cant challenge and an excellent opportunity for reducing dependence on fossil resources and increasing the sustainability of a specifi c fi eld. Anyhow, to accelerate and to make feasible the replacement of the conventional materials with bio-based alternatives, without prompting any confl ict with the packaging lines currently operating within the manufacturing companies, a valuable opportunity is represented by the use of BBM as coatings for common fl exible packaging materials, with the aim of improving properties while reducing the thickness of synthetic plastic fi lms. In this context, after a preliminary review of the existing uses and perspectives of BBM, this chapter fi rstly focuses on the coating technology applications in the fl exible packaging fi eld, then presents some of the experimental work carried out within our research group for the enhancement of useful performance of plastic fi lms for food packaging, through the development of thin layers made of BBMs assembled using different procedure
Variation of HMW glutenin and y-gliadin subunits in selected accession of Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) and T. spelta (L.)
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Una verifica della legge di Gibrat
No full textConfrontando due periodi distinti e caratterizzati da differenti condizioni macroeconomiche (1984-1991 e 1994-2001) viene analizzata, per il Veneto, la relazione tra caratteristiche individuali delle imprese (età e dimensione) e loro probabilità di sopravvivenza. L'analisi è incentrata su due tipici settori di specializzazione della regione, il "fashion" (tessile, abbigliamento, pelli cuoio e calzature) e la meccanica. Da un punto di vista metodologico, la relazione di interesse viene studiata utilizzando la procedura a due stadi di Heckman
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