1,720,971 research outputs found
Policy Decision Support for Renewables Deployment through Spatially Explicit Practically Optimal Alternatives
No full textDesigning highly renewable power systems involves a number of contested decisions, such as where to locate generation and transmission capacity. Yet, it is common to use a single result from a cost-minimizing energy system model to inform planning. This neglects many more alternative results, which might, for example, avoid problematic concentrations of technology capacity in any one region. To explore such alternatives, we develop a method to generate spatially explicit, practically optimal results (SPORES). Applying SPORES to Italy, we find that only photovoltaic and storage technologies are vital components for decarbonizing the power system by 2050; other decisions, such as locating wind power, allow flexibility of choice. Most alternative configurations are insensitive to cost and demand uncertainty, while dealing with adverse weather requires excess renewable generation and storage capacities. For policymakers, the approach can provide spatially detailed power system transformation options that enable decisions that are socially and politically acceptable. The planning of highly renewable power systems at any scale involves compromise across diverse stakeholders. We develop a method that generates a variety of spatially explicit, alternative system configurations that can be used to balance techno-economic feasibility with social and political goals. The application of our method to Italy reveals flexibility of choice for decisions like where to locate wind power and whether to invest in particular technologies. Technology substitution and complementarity is evident: solar photovoltaic and battery capacities expand together, as do wind and synthetic gas turbine capacities, all of which must notably increase to replace bioenergy's firm capacity. We also see that highly renewable systems rely on regional interconnectivity but that gas infrastructure is only useful at a fraction of current capacity. Our approach can be similarly applied to examine trade-offs in other national systems, as well as those at district and continental scales. We develop a computational method, which shows that there is a flexibility of choice to manage contested decisions arising when planning highly renewable power systems, such as where to locate wind capacity. Within this decision space, problematic technologies, such as bioenergy, are difficult and costly to replace and are not absolute must-haves. Expansion of PV is a must-have, coupled with battery when designed to cope with low-wind conditions. Carbon-neutral gas turbines can contribute to balancing but with a minor role compared with today's use
Euro-Calliope v1.0.0
No full textA model of the European power system built using Calliope.
This repository contains the workflow routines that automatically build the model from source data. Alternatively to building models yourself, you can use pre-built models that run out-of-the-box.
See README.md for further information.
If you use euro-calliope in an academic publication, please cite the following article:
Tröndle, T., Lilliestam, J., Marelli, S., Pfenninger, S., 2020. Trade-offs between geographic scale, cost, and infrastructure requirements for fully renewable electricity in Europe. Joule
Euro-Calliope: pre-built models
No full textpre-built Euro-Calliope
Ready to use models of the European electricity system built using Calliope. Models are available on three different spatial resolutions: continental, national, and regional.
In addition, euro-calliope models can be built manually which adds more configuration options. To build euro-calliope manually, head over to GitHub.
At a glance
euro-calliope models the European electricity system with each location representing an administrative unit. It is built on three spatial resolutions: on the continental level as a single location, on the national level with 34 locations, and on the regional level with 497 locations. On each node, renewable generation capacities (wind, solar, bioenergy) and balancing capacities (battery, hydrogen) can be built. In addition, hydro electricity and pumped hydro storage capacities can be built up to the extent to which they exist today. All capacities are used to satisfy electricity demand on all locations which is based on historic data. Locations are connected through transmission lines of unrestricted capacity. Using Calliope, the model is formulated as a linear optimisation problem with total monetary cost of all capacities as the minimisation objective. The pre-built models can be manipulated by updating any of the files. In addition to the pre-built models, models can be built manually. Manual builds provide more flexibility in adapting and configuring the model. To build euro-calliope manually, head over to GitHub.
Get ready to run the models
You need a Gurobi license installed on your computer. You may as well choose another solver than Gurobi. See Calliope’s documentation to understand how to switch to another solver.
You need to have Calliope and Gurobi installed in your environment. The easiest way to do so is using conda. Using conda, you can create a conda environment from within you can build the model:
conda env create -f environment.yaml
conda activate euro-calliope
Run the models
There are three models in this directory – one for each of the three spatial resolutions continental, national, and regional. You can run all three models out-of-the-box, but you may want to modify the model. By default, the model runs for the first day of January only. To run the example model on the continental resolution type:
$ calliope run ./continental/example-model.yaml
For more information on how to use and modify Calliope models, see Calliope’s documentation.
Manipulating the model using overrides
Calliope overrides allow to easily manipulate models. An override named freeze-hydro-capacities can be used for example in this way:
calliope run build/model/continental/example-model.yaml --scenario=freeze-hydro-capacities
You can define your own overrides to manipulate any model component. The following overrides are built into euro-calliope:
directional-rooftop-pv
By default, euro-calliope contains a single technology for rooftop PV. This technology comprises the total rooftop PV potential in each location, in particular including east-, west-, and north-facing rooftops. While this allows to fully exploit the potential of rooftop PV, it leads to less than optimal capacity factors as long as the potential is not fully exploited. That is because, one would likely first exploit all south-facing rooftop, then east- and west-facing rooftops, and only then – if at all – north-facing rooftops. By default, euro-calliope cannot model that.
When using the directional-rooftop-pv override, there are three instead of just one technologies for rooftop PV. The three technologies comprise (1) south-facing and flat rooftops, (2) east- and west-facing rooftops, and (3) north-facing rooftops. This leads to higher capacity factors of rooftop PV as long as the potential of rooftop PV is not fully exploited. However, this also increases the complexity of the model.
freeze-hydro-capacities
By default, euro-calliope allows capacities of run-of-river hydro, reservoir hydro, and pumped storage hydro capacities up to today’s levels. Alternatively, it’s possible to freeze these capacities to today’s levels using the freeze-hydro-capacities override.
Model components
The models contain the following files. All files in the root directory are independent of the spatial resolution. All files that depend on the spatial resolution are within subfolders named by the resolution.
├── {resolution} <- For each spatial resolution an individual folder.
│ ├── capacityfactors-{technology}.csv <- Timeseries of capacityfactors of all renewables.
│ ├── directional-rooftop.yaml <- Override discriminating rooftop PV by orientation.
│ ├── electricity-demand.csv <- Timeseries of electricity demand on each node.
│ ├── example-model.yaml <- Calliope model definition.
│ ├── link-all-neighbours.yaml <- Connects neighbouring locations with transmission.
│ ├── locations.csv <- Map from Calliope location id to name of location.
│ └── locations.yaml <- Defines all locations and their max capacities.
├── build-metadata.yaml <- Metadata of the build process.
├── demand-techs.yaml <- Definition of demand technologies.
├── environment.yaml <- Conda file defining an environment to run the model in.
├── interest-rate.yaml <- Interest rates of all capacities.
├── link-techs.yaml <- Definition of link technologies.
├── README.md <- The file you are currently looking at.
├── renewable-techs.yaml <- Definition of supply technologies.
└── storage-techs.yaml <- Definition of storage technologies.
Units of quantities
The units of quantities within the models are the following:
power: 100,000 MW
energy: 100,000 MWh
area: 10,000 km2
monetary cost: 1e+09 EUR
These units were chosen in order to minimise numerical issues within the optimisation algorithm.
License and attribution
euro-calliope has been developed and is maintained by Tim Tröndle, IASS Potsdam.
If you use euro-calliope in an academic publication, please cite the following article:
Tröndle, T., Lilliestam, J., Marelli, S., Pfenninger, S., 2020. Trade-offs between geographic scale, cost, and infrastructure requirements for fully renewable electricity in Europe. Joule.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2020. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.
Contains modified data from Renewables.ninja.
Contains modified data from Open Power System Data
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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