1,721,069 research outputs found
Is training effective for older workers?
Full text linkThe labor market position of older workers is cause for concern in many industrialized countries. Rapid population aging is challenging pension systems. The recent economic crisis has forced many older adults out of the workforce, into either pre-retirement or non-employment. Encouraging people to work longer and fostering the employability of older workers have become priorities for policymakers. Training specifically designed for older workers might help attain these goals, since it may refresh human capital and reduce the payâproductivity gap. Training older workers might also benefit employers and society as a whole
Meta-Analysis
No full textThis chapter provides a basic methodological guide to the conduct of meta-analyses, and it reviews the tools used for the purpose. It considers the specific features of empirical econometric analysis, and it cites as examples its application in policy/program evaluation. A salient feature of empirical studies in economics is that estimated effects mainly derive from econometric techniques based on multiple regressions on large samples, using different model specifications, datasets, identification strategies, and definitions of the variables of primary interest. A second salient feature is that, in economics, the analyst typically runs many regressions and the published results are severely selected from those of a larger set of econometric models. This may give rise to marked data dredging and publication bias. Accordingly, this chapter describes modern meta-analytic methods with which to derive generalized conclusions from heterogeneous results and to detect and correct for publication bias
Temporary jobs in Italy: wage differentials and their dynamics
No full textGli obiettivi di questa tesi sono l'analisi degli effetti salariali del lavoro temporaneo in Italia e la stima dinamica della probabilità di essere un lavoratore temporaneo, utilizzando l'Indagine sui bilanci delle famiglie italiane (SHIW) condotta dalla Banca d'Italia. Il primo di questi è affrontato utilizzando differenti tecniche econometriche: il punto di partenza è un'analisi cross-section utilizzando l'ondata del 2002 della SHIW; dopodiché, sfruttando le ondate del 2000 e del 2002 della SHIW e quindi la dimensione longitudinale, un'analisi econometrica panel è condotta. Infine, facendo ricorso alle ondate del 2000, 2002 e 2004 della SHIW, modelli dinamici probit ad effetti inosservati sono stimati per testare l'ipotesi di dipendenza di stato del lavoro temporaneo, per comprenderne le determinanti e per dedurre le dinamiche interrelate della disoccupazione, occupazione temporanea e occupazione permanente.
I principali risultati empirici riguardanti i differenziali salariali mostrano che in Italia i lavoratori temporanei soffrono una penalità in termini salariali. Prendendo in considerazione componenti non osservabili individuali e tipiche dell'attività lavorativa svolta, il divario salariale è attorno al 12-13%. Inoltre, si riscontrano più elevati ritorni salariali dall'esperienza lavorativa maturata all'interno della stessa impresa per i lavoratori temporanei: il differenziale salariale si riduce, perciò, di 2.3 punti percentuali all'anno.
Dall'analisi delle transizioni da disoccupazione ad occupazione temporanea e da quest'ultima ad occupazione permanente, si evince che, a parità di caratteristiche osservabili e inosservabili, il lavoro temporaneo è un canale di uscita dalla disoccupazione e un trampolino di lancio verso un'occupazione permanente: incrementa la probabilità di ottenere una posizione permanente (effetto ``stepping stone'') e riduce la probabilità di disoccupazione.The purposes of this dissertation are the analysis of the wage effects of temporary jobs in Italy and the dynamic estimate of the probability of being a temporary worker using the Survey of Italian Households' Income and Wealth (SHIW) conducted by the Bank of Italy. The former target is addressed using different econometric techniques: the starting point is a cross-section analysis using the 2002 wave of the SHIW, then we add the longitudinal dimension and, exploiting the 2000 and 2002 waves of the SHIW we carry out a panel data econometric analysis. Finally, using the 2000, 2002, and 2004 waves of the SHIW we estimate some dynamic unobserved effects probit models to test the hypothesis of state dependence of temporary jobs, to understand their determinants, and to realize the inter-related dynamics of unemployment, temporary employment, and permanent employment.
As far as wage differentials are concerned, the main empirical results show that in Italy temporary workers are worse paid than permanent employees. Taking into account of individual- and job-specific unobservable components results in an estimated wage penalty for temporary workers of about 12-13%. Furthermore, there is evidence of higher wage returns to tenure for temporary workers, generating a reduction in the wage gap by about 2.3 percentage points after one year of tenure.
When we move on to the analysis of the transitions from unemployment to temporary employment and from the latter to permanent employment, the main findings suggest that, given observable and unobservable characteristics, temporary jobs are both a channel out of unemployment and a "stepping stone" into regular employment: they increase the likelihood of finding a permanent position (the stepping stone effect) and they decrease the probability of unemployment
Does apprenticeship improve job opportunities? A regression discontinuity approach
No full textIn Italy the main difference between apprentices and other types of temporary workers is that apprentices must receive firm-provided training. The firm incentive in hiring apprentices consists in paying lower wages and labour taxes. Using an Italian administrative dataset containing information on the jobs started between January 2009 and June 2012, we estimate the effect of apprenticeship on the hazard function to a permanent job. Identification is based on a regression discontinuity design. We find that, for 29-year-old workers, apprenticeships are long entrance halls towards permanent contracts, especially within the firm where the apprenticeship is performed
You’ll never walk alone: unemployment, social networks and leisure activities
No full textWe analyse how unemployment affects individuals’ social networks, leisure activities, and related satisfaction measures. We use the LISS panel, a representative longitudinal survey of the Dutch population. We estimate the effects by inverse propensity score weighting in a difference-in-differences design to deal with unobserved heterogeneity and unbalanced covariate distribution between treated and control units potentially associated with the dynamics of the outcome variables. We find that, after job loss, individuals increase their network size by strengthening their closest family contacts, spending more time with neighbours, and using social media more frequently. Additionally, our results show that job losers derive more enjoyment from their leisure time, with an increase in the time spent on private activities
The Trend over Time of the Gender Wage Gap in Italy
No full textWe analyse gender wage gaps in Italy in the mid-1990s and in the mid-2000s. In this period, important labour market developments took place and they
could have had a gender asymmetric impact on wages. We identify the time trends of different components of the gender wage gap across all the wage distribution.
Although the unconditional gender wage gap remained roughly constant over time,
we find that the component of the gap due to different rewards of similar characteristics deteriorated women’s relative wage.We show that especially women at the centre-top of the wage distribution swam against the tide: while the trend in female qualifications
slightly reduced the gender wage gap, the gender-relative trends in the wage structure significantly increased it
Scarring effects of remaining unemployed for long-term unemployed school-leavers
No full textThis study investigates whether and to what extent further unemployment experience for youths who are already long-term unemployed imposes a penalty on subsequent labour market outcomes. We propose a flexible method for analysing the effect on wages aside of transitions from unemployment and employment within a multivariate duration model which controls for selection on observables and unobservables. We find that prolonging unemployment drastically decreases the chances of finding employment, but hardly affects the quality of subsequent employment. The analysis suggests that negative duration dependence in the job finding rate is induced by negative signalling and not by human capital depreciation
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