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A Pricing along a value chain fraught with risks: Innovative approach to fair pricing in the organic milk sector
No full textDerzeitige Milchpreisentwicklungen zeigen, dass die Diskussion um Preisgestaltungsmöglichkeiten in der Bio-Milchwirtschaft aktuell ist. Von Erzeugerseite wird dabei der Begriff fairer Preise diskutiert, da niedrige bzw. volatile Marktpreise zu der Wahrnehmung einer unfairen Behandlung führten. Strategien zur Steigerung der Wertschöpfung sind bisher in der Bio-Milchwirtschaft kaum betrachtet worden. Es war daher Ziel des Projektes, innovative Ansätze für eine faire Preisfindung in der ökologischen Milchwirtschaft zu erarbeiten und neue Preisstrategien zu erschließen, da Erzeuger und Molkereien besonders von Preisvolatilitäten betroffen sind. Anhand einer Scannerdatenanalyse wird gezeigt, dass Biokäufer im Naturkosthandel (NKH) vergleichsweise preisunsensibel sind. Folglich existieren Spielräume, die auch für Fairnesskonzepte in der Wertschöpfungskette (WSK) genutzt werden können. Ergänzend zeigt die Preisanalyse auf, dass die Akteure im NKH eine eher zurückhaltende Preispolitik mit wenigen Preisänderungen betreiben, die nahezu branchenweit gleichzeitig durchgeführt werden und eine verzögerte Weitergabe von sinkenden Erzeugerpreisen an den Verbraucher vollziehen. Dies spricht für eine Premium-Preis-Strategie des Handels mit Margenausweitung, was Potentiale für ein Fair-Preis-System bietet, allerdings mit kartellrechtlichen Grenzen. Wie eine Landwirtebefragung aufzeigt, besteht seitens der Biolandwirte Einigkeit, dass die Diskussion um faire Preise wichtig ist. Zusätzlich sind genaue Vorstellungen von fairen Preisen vorhanden. Biolandwirte haben eine wesentlich höhere Wertorientierung, die ein Fair-Preis-Konzept erfüllen sollte. Das Verhalten und der Umgang in der WSK werden als bedeutender für ein faires Konzept erachtet im Vergleich zu den konventionellen Berufskollegen. Es wird ein anbieterorientiertes Fair-Preis-System vorgeschlagen, das die Fairnesskommunikation (gerechte Margenverteilung) und gleichzeitige Ausweitung der Margen zum Ziel hat. Durch den innovativen Charakter der Studie kann eine stufenübergreifende Betrachtung von Preisbildungsmechanismen im NKH in die bestehende Fairnessforschung eingeordnet werden. Die Untersuchung liefert damit wichtige erste Erkenntnisse zum Wechselspiel von Effizienz und Gerechtigkeit in WSK.In recent years, growing price volatilities in the milk market have triggered a discussion about fair prices in agricultural supply chains. Given the increasing complaints by German farmers, agricultural organizations and politicians reached the conclusion that farmers felt unfairly treated due to their dissatisfaction with the current prices for agricultural products. In the context of this discussion the question arose of what fair and innovative pricing systems in the German organic milk supply chain might be. Keeping this in mind we used a scanner data analysis in order to get insights into the consumer behavior and the pricing policies of specialized organic food shops in Germany. A survey among 531 German farmers provided further indications of what farmers perceived as fair. The results of our research show that patrons of specialized organic food shops are less price-sensitive, although traditional price thresholds should be kept in mind. Moreover, premium pricing strategies have successfully been implemented by the partners in the organic milk supply chain due to high and rigid prices, high synchronization and asymmetrical price transmission. These results reveal opportunities for the design of fair pricing concepts in compliance with the boundaries of antitrust law. The need for fair prices in the organic milk chain has become apparent by the results of the farmer survey. Organic farmers have clear visions about fair prices, can define them and focus more on values in supply chains than on the distribution of margins. Fair treatment and fair behaviour are important for them. The results lead us to recommend a supplier oriented fair pricing system including fairness communication to consumers (fair distribution of margins) with an expansion of margins at the same time. The analysis of pricing systems in this supply chain combined with actual fairness research approaches clearly demonstrates the innovative approach of the study and gives insights into the interaction between efficiency and justice in agricultural supply chains
A Pricing along a value chain fraught with risks: Innovative approach to fair pricing in the organic milk sector
No full textDerzeitige Milchpreisentwicklungen zeigen, dass die Diskussion um Preisgestaltungsmöglichkeiten in der Bio-Milchwirtschaft aktuell ist. Von Erzeugerseite wird dabei der Begriff fairer Preise diskutiert, da niedrige bzw. volatile Marktpreise zu der Wahrnehmung einer unfairen Behandlung führten. Strategien zur Steigerung der Wertschöpfung sind bisher in der Bio-Milchwirtschaft kaum betrachtet worden. Es war daher Ziel des Projektes, innovative Ansätze für eine faire Preisfindung in der ökologischen Milchwirtschaft zu erarbeiten und neue Preisstrategien zu erschließen, da Erzeuger und Molkereien besonders von Preisvolatilitäten betroffen sind. Anhand einer Scannerdatenanalyse wird gezeigt, dass Biokäufer im Naturkosthandel (NKH) vergleichsweise preisunsensibel sind. Folglich existieren Spielräume, die auch für Fairnesskonzepte in der Wertschöpfungskette (WSK) genutzt werden können. Ergänzend zeigt die Preisanalyse auf, dass die Akteure im NKH eine eher zurückhaltende Preispolitik mit wenigen Preisänderungen betreiben, die nahezu branchenweit gleichzeitig durchgeführt werden und eine verzögerte Weitergabe von sinkenden Erzeugerpreisen an den Verbraucher vollziehen. Dies spricht für eine Premium-Preis-Strategie des Handels mit Margenausweitung, was Potentiale für ein Fair-Preis-System bietet, allerdings mit kartellrechtlichen Grenzen. Wie eine Landwirtebefragung aufzeigt, besteht seitens der Biolandwirte Einigkeit, dass die Diskussion um faire Preise wichtig ist. Zusätzlich sind genaue Vorstellungen von fairen Preisen vorhanden. Biolandwirte haben eine wesentlich höhere Wertorientierung, die ein Fair-Preis-Konzept erfüllen sollte. Das Verhalten und der Umgang in der WSK werden als bedeutender für ein faires Konzept erachtet im Vergleich zu den konventionellen Berufskollegen. Es wird ein anbieterorientiertes Fair-Preis-System vorgeschlagen, das die Fairnesskommunikation (gerechte Margenverteilung) und gleichzeitige Ausweitung der Margen zum Ziel hat. Durch den innovativen Charakter der Studie kann eine stufenübergreifende Betrachtung von Preisbildungsmechanismen im NKH in die bestehende Fairnessforschung eingeordnet werden. Die Untersuchung liefert damit wichtige erste Erkenntnisse zum Wechselspiel von Effizienz und Gerechtigkeit in WSK.In recent years, growing price volatilities in the milk market have triggered a discussion about fair prices in agricultural supply chains. Given the increasing complaints by German farmers, agricultural organizations and politicians reached the conclusion that farmers felt unfairly treated due to their dissatisfaction with the current prices for agricultural products. In the context of this discussion the question arose of what fair and innovative pricing systems in the German organic milk supply chain might be. Keeping this in mind we used a scanner data analysis in order to get insights into the consumer behavior and the pricing policies of specialized organic food shops in Germany. A survey among 531 German farmers provided further indications of what farmers perceived as fair. The results of our research show that patrons of specialized organic food shops are less price-sensitive, although traditional price thresholds should be kept in mind. Moreover, premium pricing strategies have successfully been implemented by the partners in the organic milk supply chain due to high and rigid prices, high synchronization and asymmetrical price transmission. These results reveal opportunities for the design of fair pricing concepts in compliance with the boundaries of antitrust law. The need for fair prices in the organic milk chain has become apparent by the results of the farmer survey. Organic farmers have clear visions about fair prices, can define them and focus more on values in supply chains than on the distribution of margins. Fair treatment and fair behaviour are important for them. The results lead us to recommend a supplier oriented fair pricing system including fairness communication to consumers (fair distribution of margins) with an expansion of margins at the same time. The analysis of pricing systems in this supply chain combined with actual fairness research approaches clearly demonstrates the innovative approach of the study and gives insights into the interaction between efficiency and justice in agricultural supply chains
Using Price Rigidities to Explain Pricing Strategies in the Organic Milk Chain
No full textThe stickiness of prices and reasons for price changes are widely discussed in market analyses and marketing theory. Explanations and reasons of rigidities have shown that prices do not change as often in small retail stores and in markets with high concentration (Powers and Powers 2001, Hannan and Berger 1991). For organic products, until now there have been few clear results about pricing strategies and it can be assumed that consumers pay premium prices for organic products with increasing market shares of the sector. Hence the opportunities regarding pricing behaviour and pricing strategies in the organic milk supply chain up to now have not been discussed. This paper strives to close this research gap by examining rigidities in the organic milk market on the basis of organic retail scanner data. Using these results, pricing strategies in the organic retail sector are discussed
Using Price Rigidities to Explain Pricing Strategies in the Organic Milk Chain
No full textThe stickiness of prices and reasons for price changes are widely discussed in market analyses and marketing theory. Explanations and reasons of rigidities have shown that prices do not change as often in small retail stores and in markets with high concentration (Powers and Powers 2001, Hannan and Berger 1991). For organic products, until now there have been few clear results about pricing strategies and it can be assumed that consumers pay premium prices for organic products with increasing market shares of the sector. Hence the opportunities regarding pricing behaviour and pricing strategies in the organic milk supply chain up to now have not been discussed. This paper strives to close this research gap by examining rigidities in the organic milk market on the basis of organic retail scanner data. Using these results, pricing strategies in the organic retail sector are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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