1,720,953 research outputs found
Crystal-chemical characterization of fibrous amphiboles by FTIR and Mössbauer spectroscopies
No full textThe mechanism through which asbestos amphiboles may give rise to mesothelioma is still not completely understood. Several factors have been taken into account, and these include the morphological aspect of the fiber, the chemical composition, and a variety of surface properties which are ultimately responsible for the mineral-cellule interactions[1]. Studies in vitro demonstrate that the morphology of the fiber has a strong role in determining its biological danger, because very thin and long crystallites are hardly eliminated by the alveolar macrophages. However, recent studied show that lung injury after asbestos exposure is associated with an oxidative stress that is catalyzed by iron in the fiber[2]. It follows that the rapid determination of the chemical composition of asbestiform amphiboles, and of its Mg/Fe ratio in particular, is extremely important in environmental studies. The direct analysis can be achieved only by micro-chemical tools such as by EDS- or WDS-equipped electron microscopes. However, these techniques are extremely expensive and often unsuitable when dealing with extremely fibrous (diameter < 3 μm) materials. Therefore a rapid and easily accessible method is highly desirable in large scale environmental monitoring. The best alternative to EMPA is provided by FTIR spectroscopy, a technique which can be used on both single crystals (down to few μm in dimension) and powders. Here we present the results of a new calibration based on the analysis of a large set of well-characterized fibrous and prismatic natural amphiboles spanning a very large variety of chemical compositions and geological occurrences. All samples were previously studied using X-ray diffraction and EMPA. FTIR spectra in the principal OH-stretching region were collected on KBr disks prepared with a mineral:matrix = 5:150 mg ratio. Most spectra show four prominent bands which can be assigned to the combination of Mg and F2+ at the OH-coordinated M(1,3) sites[3,4,5,6]. The digitized spectra were fitted by interactive optimization followed by least-squares refinement; all bands were modelled as symmetric Gaussians. [3,4] showed that the binary site-occupancies at M(1) and M(3) in the amphibole structure are related to the observed intensities of the four (A to D) components in the principal IR OH-stretching spectrum. Using the original equations of [7]:
M(1,3)Mg = 3IA + 2IB + IC and M(1,3)M2+ = IB + 2IC + 3ID (with M2+ = Fe2+)
where IA-ID are the intensities measured for the corresponding A to D bands, one can derive the (Mg, M2+) site populations at M(1,3) with a high degree of confidence. This method is particularly suitable for asbestiform materials which cannot be properly characterized by EMP. The present work shows that the above spectroscopic tool can be applied to a large variety of amphibole types. For species were significant (Mg, Fe) are present at M(4) (i.e. anthophyllite–cummingtonite–grunerite) an additional information (e.g. Mössbauer) is however required for a complete characterization of the sample.
[1] van Oss, C.J., Naim, J.O., Costanza, P.M., Giese, R.F. Jr., Wu, W., Sorling, A.F. (1999) Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 697-707.
[2] Xinchao, W., Wu, Y., Stonehuerner, J.G., Dailey, L.A., Richards, J.D., Jaspers, I., Piantadosi, C.A., Ghio, A.J. (2006) Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 34, 286–292.
[3] Della Ventura, G., Robert, J.-L., Hawthorne, F.C. (1996) Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, vol. spec. 5, 55-63.
[4] Della Ventura, G., Robert, J.-L., Raudsepp, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Welch, M. (1997) American Mineralogist, 82, 291-301.
[5] Iezzi, G., Della Ventura, G., Hawthorne, F.C., Pedrazzi, G., Robert, J.-L., Novembre, D. (2005) European Journal of Mineralogy, 17, 733-740.
[6] Iezzi, G., Della Ventura, G., Bellatreccia, F., Lo Mastro, S., Gunther, M., Bandly, (2007) Mineralogical Magazine, in press.
[7] Burns, R.G. and Strens, R.G.J. (1966) Science, 153, 890-892
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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