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ДЖЕРЕЛА МІЖНАРОДНОГО ПРАВА: ІДЕЇ П.Є. КАЗАНСЬКОГО. Sources of international law: the ideas of Peter Kazansky
No full textУ статті відображені результати наукового тлумачення ідей професора Новоросійського університету Петра Євгеновича Казанського щодо джерел міжнародного права. Наприкінці ХІХ ст. головною тенденцією розвитку міжнародних відносин стало утворення міжнародних організацій, а це зумовило значущість визначення сутності джерел міжнародного права. Встановлено, що П.Є. Казанський джерела міжнародного права поділяв на три види: а) внутрішнє джерело; б) матеріали міжнародного права; в) пам’ятки міжнародного права. Автор був переконаний: аналогію не можна вважати джерелом міжнародного права, оскільки ніякого нового правила шляхом аналогії не створюється. Характеризуючи сутність судової правотворчості, науковець акцентував, що наслідком міжнародного процесу є те, що діяльність судів як вид правотворчості не може бути суттєвою, але, виконуючи основну функцію – правозастосовну, міжнародні суди «мають іноді віднайти право». Роздуми П.Є. Казанського щодо співвідношення міжнародного та національного права дали йому змогу запропонувати класифікацію судів, які застосовують міжнародне право: 1) суди, що мають міжнародний характер (міжнародні установи, які діють на базі міжнародного права); 2) внутрішньодержавні суди, зобов’язані у своїх рішеннях застосовувати положення міжнародного права. Визначено, що П.Є. Казанський за допомогою порівняльного методу здійснив аналіз сутності джерел міжнародного права, окресливши дискусійні питання щодо джерельності міжнародного права, котрі й через століття є актуальними. Будучи представником позитивізму в науці міжнародного права, автор у жодному разі не визнавав природне право джерелом позитивного, оскільки вважав завданням міжнародного права текстуальну інтерпретацію, систематизацію та логічний аналіз джерел міжнародного права. Важливо, що такий методологічний базис не заважав П.Є. Казанському дійти висновку, який підтримують сучасні фахівці з міжнародного права: «Суд є творцем міжнародного права, тому що не тільки застосовує, зміцнює та тлумачить право, а і сприяє виникненню нових його начал». The article reflects the results of scientific interpretation of the ideas of professor of Novorossiysk University Peter Kazansky on the sources of international law. At the end of the XIX century the main trend in the development of international relations was the formation of international organizations, which led to the importance of determining the essence of the sources of international law. It is established that P. Kazansky divided the sources of international law into three types: a) domestic source; b) materials of international law; c) historical sights of international law. The author was convinced that the analogy could not be considered a source of international law, as no new rule is created by analogy. Describing the essence of judicial lawmaking, the scholar emphasized that the consequence of the international process is that the activity of courts as a type of lawmaking may not be significant, but performing the main function – application of law – international courts “sometimes have to find law”. It was found that P. Kazansky’s thinking on the relationship between international law and national law allowed him to propose a classification of courts that apply international law: 1) courts of international character (international institutions operating on the basis of international law); 2) domestic courts, which are obliged to apply the provisions of international law in their decisions. It is determined that P. Kazansky with the help of a comparative method analyzed the essence of the sources of international law, outlining the debatable issues regarding the originality of international law, which are relevant through the centuries. Being the representative of the positivism in the science of international law, the author in no way recognized natural law as a source of positive law, because he considered the task of international law textual interpretation, systematization and logical analysis of sources of international law. It is important that such a methodological basis did not prevent P. Kazansky to reach a conclusion supported by modern experts in international law: “The creator of international law, the court is because it not only applies, strengthens and interprets law, but also facilities to its emergence”
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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