34 research outputs found
Brave new open data world
No full textThere is a growing tendency to release all sorts of public data on the Internet. The greater availability of interoperable public data catalyses secondary use of such data, which leads to growth of information industries and better government transparency. Open data policies may, nevertheless, be in conflict with the individual’s right to information privacy as protected by the Data Protection Directive. This directive sets rules to the processing of personal data in the European Union. Technological developments and the increasing amount of publicly available data are, however, blurring the lines between non-personal and personal data. Open data may not seem to be personal data on first glance especially when it is anonymised or aggregated. However, it may become personal data by combining it with other publicly available data or when it is de-anonymised. In this article, we argue that these developments extend the reach of European Union privacy regulation to open data, which may obstruct the implementation of open data policies in the European Union.OTB Research Institute for the Built Environmen
The role of the Public Employment Ser-vices related to ‘Flexicurity’ in the Euro-pean Labour Markets
No full textIndian Pharma Within Global Reach?
No full textThe Indian pharmaceutical industry is presently going through a phase of transition and potential consolidation, owing to India's new TRIPS-compliant intellectual property regime and other rules aimed at enhancing the industry's credibility nationally and internationally. Appropriate policy interventions can play a large role in cushioning the transition (and gradual consolidation) of the industry post-2005. Using firm level data collected in 2004-2005, this paper seeks to make two major contributions in this regard. The research findings show that the Indian pharmaceutical sector is a heterogeneous mix of firms with vast differences in innovative capabilities. Based on these differences, the groups can be categorized into specific "innovation modes" (the innovator, the niche operator and the manufacturer), each mode being a step closer towards the innovative pharmaceutical firm. Second, the paper highlights how the emerging strategies of firms in all three groups, although different, underpin the importance of systemic coordination in the pharmaceutical sector. The analysis links both these findings to policies pursued in the pharmaceutical sector over the past four decades and highlights the role of differential innovation policy in ensuring optimal sectoral performance.Pharmaceutical industry, Innovation policy, TRIPS, Intellectual Propery, IPR, Property rights, India
Copyright, contratto e accesso alla conoscenza: un’analisi comparata = Copyright, contract and access to knowledge: a comparative analysis.
No full textIl processo di digitalizzazione e lo sviluppo dei media, stravolgendo il paradigma tradizionale del copyright/diritto d’autore conducono a reazioni opposte. Da un lato, estendendo in vario modo l’ampiezza dell’esclusiva autorale favoriscono l’adozione di regole restrittive di accesso e uso dei contenuti; dall’altro, alimentano le logiche di condivisione, specie in alcune aree di produzione del sapere.
Il contratto, pur mutata la propria natura nella dimensione digitale, rappresenta la prima leva per l’affermazione di tali divergenti dinamiche, che, in entrambe le direzioni, riguardano anche la circolazione della conoscenza scientifica. Nel senso dell’apertura, lo strumento negoziale consente di perseguire i principi affermati dal movimento dell’Open Access (OA), abbattendo le barriere economiche e giuridiche all’accesso e utilizzo dei contenuti.
Dal deposito e pubblicazione su archivi istituzionali e disciplinari di opere transitate già attraverso i canali editoriali convenzionali, comunemente definita green road, alla pubblicazione su riviste ad accesso aperto, gold road, il fenomeno si sviluppa dal basso verso l’alto grazie alle dichiarazioni di principio e alle norme informali che hanno sin ora guidato le comunità accademiche nell’affermazione dell’OA. Di recente, tuttavia, i principi dell’OA sono oggetto di attenzione da parte del decisore pubblico che, pur timidamente, ne “impone” l’attuazione a tutte le comunità accademiche. Eppure, il diritto formale non sembra da solo sufficiente: è soltanto il primo tassello di una disciplina organica tesa a definire regole e incentivi per la produzione e la disseminazione della conoscenza scientifica, allo scopo di bilanciare la libertà “accademica” con il diritto di accesso alla conoscenza. = ENGLISH VERSION = Along with a comparative perspective that takes account of the U.S. and Italian law, this work aims to explore the interface between copyright and contract lae in publishing process.
In the current publishing environment, contracts and technology play a dominant role in the exploitation of copyrighted works. Publishers are granted by assignment of all copyright rights to reproduce and publish the work, but also to exercise control over its contents through technological protection measures. At the same time, mass digitization allows libraries and other organizations to make contents available online, which it entails a redefinition of the traditional publishing process and introduces new players to the scene (e.g., Google Books).
Hence, technology proves to be a powerful instrument for the spread of knowledge and it is on this pattern that Open Access (OA) is rapidly gaining ground.
Mostly based on a bottom-up approach that is on soft law, institutional policies and contracts, OA designs a new legal environment targeting the objectives of free accessibility, further distribution, and proper archiving of publications. These aims can be achieved through the creation of new open access business models to publish on OA journals (gold road) or to self-archive in institutional or disciplinary repositories works that have been originally published in conventional journals (green road).
However, in order for OA to be fully developed it is necessary to devise a principled and feasible approach to the dissemination of scholarly works against the current social, economic and legal background.
Indeed, the importance of OA is steadily recognized by legislators who integrate OA provisions into their legal system. This is an innovation of great significance, which was first fostered in the USA, and then extended in some European countries such as Italy and Germany in the European framework. Nevertheless, considering the different law systems, the formal law need to be combined with national strategies and institutional policies providing adequate incentives to the authors, while also promoting academic freedom and the right to knowledge access
A financial feasibility study of waste to energy generation in the City of Cape Town
No full textIncludes bibliographic references (leaves 116-124).The objective of this research is to examine what the city of Cape Town has undertaken regarding its municipal solid waste (MSW) and to investigate the financial feasibility of WtE as a source of energy and a key component of integrated solid waste management for the City
PERANCANGAN SISTEM PROTEKSI KEBAKARAN PADA TANGKI PT. KILANG PERTAMINA INTERNASIONAL
No full textKebakaran pada RU-VI Balongan telah dilakukan investigasi oleh beberapa pihak dengan kesimpulan bahwa kebakaran terjadi akibat sambaran petir atau induksi pada tangki. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, penulis terdorong untuk melakukan perencanaan pembangunan kembali tangki yang dilengkapi dengan foam system dan sistem penangkal petir sebagai upaya penanggulangan kebakaran di area tangki. Ukuran tangki yang baru dihitung dengan mengacu pada NFPA 30. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data dengan standar dari United States Nuclear Regulatory Commision untuk menentukan besar potensi kebakaran dan data untuk menentukan kebutuhan media pemadam. Pada data tersebut dibuat gambar menggunakan software Autocad. Penelitian ini mengembangkan skenario kebakaran Unobstructed full liquid surface fire yaitu kebakaran yang terjadi karena atap tangki lepas akibat ledakan atau kelebihan tekanan sehingga terbentuk pool fire. Selanjutnya merancang instalasi foam chamber yang meliputi kebutuhan media pemadaman, jumlah foam chamber, sistem perpipaan dan daya pompa serta menentukan alat proteksi petir pada tangki. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini yaitu tangki berdiameter 45 meter membutuhkan media pemadaman 2.868.851 liter air, 10.754 liter konsentrat busa, foam chamber berjumlah 4 unit, laju aliran 1.629,4 liter/menit dan tingkat III proteksi petir dengan grounding system menggunakan tipe A, batang elektroda vertikal berjumlah 2.
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The fire at RU-VI Balongan has been investigated by multiple parties, with the conclusion that the fire occurred due to a lightning strike or tank induction. Based on this situation, the author is prompted to undertake the planning of reconstructing the tank, equipped with a foam system and lightning protection system, as an effort to address fires in the tank area. The dimensions of the new tank are calculated in accordance with NFPA 30. This research methodology employs data analysis techniques following the standards of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission to determine the potential size of the fire and data to specify the fire suppression media requirements. Drawings are then created based on this data using AutoCAD software. This study develops a scenario of an Unobstructed Full Liquid Surface Fire, which is a fire that occurs due to the tank roof detaching from an explosion or excess pressure, resulting in a pool fire. Subsequently, the design of the foam chamber installation includes the fire suppression media requirements, the number of foam chambers, the piping system, pump power, and the determination of lightning protection equipment for the tank. The conclusion of this research is that a tank with a diameter of 45 meters requires 2,868,851 liters of water as fire suppression media, 10,754 liters of foam concentrate, 4 units of foam chambers, a flow rate of 1,629.4 liters/minute, and level III lightning protection with a grounding system using Type A, consisting of 2 vertical electrode rods
Young people in self-care: behaviours and experiences in farming households in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania
No full textAbstract
Little previous research has been carried out on children’s experiences of taking care of themselves in rural Sub-Saharan Africa due to livelihood demands on parents. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of self-care on the health and well-being of school-aged children who are left unsupervised for several months while their parents are away from the home village to undertake farming activities. The study is situated in the Kilombero Valley in south-eastern Tanzania where parents commonly migrate to distant fields during the farming season. Long distance between villages and farms as well as poverty related reasons are relevant factors in the decision of parents to leave school-aged children behind in the village in order to attend school while they stay at the family farm. A range of qualitative methods including focus group discussions and group exercises (diagramming and timelines), semi-structured in-depth interviews, participant observation and informal interviews were used to collect data in this study. The findings uncovered a range of risky behaviours among school-aged children which are experienced through, and inter-related with, a number of coping strategies. Risky behaviours include sexual activities, delay in health treatment seeking, non-use of mosquito bed nets, missing school classes and meals, and playing outside after dark. Coping strategies such as engaging in sex for food, paid labour and group sleeping are not really adopted through choice but are forced on children as a result of the inter-related nature of poverty, endemic environmental illness and adult household responsibilities. Although self-care arrangements have a number of negative implications for children’s health, well-being and education outcomes little has being done to address these issues at the family level, in schools in the community more generally
Environmental conflict and decision-making: the case of hydroelectric power
No full textAs management of the environment becomes more complex and the number of potentially conflicting issues to be balanced expands, there will be increasing and more intense debates about the course(s) of action(s) to be taken. Navigation of conflict determines trade-offs established and decisions taken, and will become progressively important, as the need to unify incompatible uses grows. Both definition and management of environmental conflict is ambiguous, lacking in understanding and mechanisms to effectively handle disputes. Interdisciplinary consideration of conflict highlights its potential to yield functional and dysfunctional aspects, recognising dispute is not inherently negative. Framing environmental debates as conflict situations may yield substantial management benefits.Using case studies (UK), this research identifies the impact of stakeholder conflict on achieving sustainable decision-making, and, seeks to develop conceptual tools to aid exploration of disputes, using the issue of hydropower development. Growing environment awareness has simultaneously emphasised the benefits of hydroelectric power and its environmental costs. In a changing policy climate, where renewable energy generation potential and environmental protection are needed, conflict between stakeholders is considerable. To meet practitioner’s needs, an understanding of conflict is needed.Findings highlight the existence and nature of stakeholder conflict. Environmental conflict is epitomized by: parameters of the problem, characteristics of the stakeholders and dispute process. Conflict is recognised as a platform for expression which may yield functional or dysfunctional consequences for decision-making. The impact of the individual is significant; variables such as perceptions, behaviours and personalities, alongside facets of the problem, characterise disputes. Assessment of conflict at a range of spatial and temporal scales, established capacity for escalation, stagnation and the development of impasses, each with differential impacts on decision-making.A conceptual framework illustrating the impact of conflict on decision-making, and role in the facilitation of change is generated. Conflict is recognised as a critical management point for facilitating sustainable decisions. From a management perspective, it is important to manage conflict at this critical point to achieve the best decision. This research outlines an alternative approach to the conceptualisation and management of environmental conflict, and highlights the significant impact of the individuals involved. The identification, application and further development of methodologies have yielded a number of conceptual tools for conflict management. Recognising the important role of conflict as a mechanism for change may be crucial for the future of environmental management
