1,720,958 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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Socrates and the True Political Craft in the Gorgias
Get PDFIn the Apology, Socrates claims he is better off than others because he knows he does not know. This is commonly called “Socratic ignorance.” To many, Socratic ignorance is incompatible with the possession of moral knowledge. Indeed, Socrates’ behavior in the Socratic dialogues appears to support this view: he affirms his ignorance, cross-examines those who wrongly think themselves to be wise, and refutes them. It looks as if he exposes others’ ignorance because he lacks knowledge and cannot teach. In the Gorgias, however, Socrates is much different. At a vital moment in the dialogue, he declares that he is the only one of his contemporaries to take up what he calls the “true political craft.” But how is Socratic ignorance consistent with the practice of the political craft? Unfortunately, scholars have failed to fully appreciate the importance of Socrates’ claim in the Gorgias. In this thesis, I argue that Socrates’ claim to practice the true political craft is a central claim in the work, since he believes that his style of dialectic is the craft of justice, which is one of the branches of the true political craft. My stance, however, appears to conflict with Socrates’ theory of punishment in the Gorgias. In many passages, Socrates identifies justice with the expertise of the judge, not the expertise of the dialectician. I argue that Socrates maintains that dialectic and judicial punishment are sub-crafts of justice: each sub-craft improves the condition of another person’s soul without having to teach him or her the craft of justice. Although I argue that Socratic ignorance is consistent with Socrates’ practice of the political craft, I do not intend to claim that the Gorgias is a Socratic dialogue. In my discussion of judicial punishment, I argue that Socrates commits himself to a conception of the soul that is incompatible with the “intellectualist” psychology he assumes in other Socratic dialogues. Since many believe that the Gorgias is a key text for central Socratic doctrines, my account should prompt us to reevaluate several prominent interpretations of Socratic philosophy
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Is Virtue an Expertise? The Epistemology of Virtue in Plato’s Meno and Republic
No full textPlato’s Meno opens with the fundamental question, ‘can one be taught to be virtuous’? Iargue that the dialogue demonstrates that there are two distinct cognitive states commonly
referred to as ‘arete’ (virtue) and guide one to perform the right actions. One cognitive state
called ‘arete’ is genuine virtue; it is a form of ethical expertise and it can be taught. The
other cognitive state referred to in this way is a sort of pseudo-virtue; it is a knack for doing
the right thing. Although Socrates and his interlocutors agree that there are no living ethical
experts, in the final lines of the Meno, Socrates imagines a statesman with this expertise
who could successfully teach virtue to statesmen of the next generation. I argue that in the
Republic, Plato takes up this project and creates a polis, for which the primary aim is to
create a succession of statesmen with ethical expertise.
My first chapters outlines the epistemology of expertise. Plato’s Meno draws a contrast
between two epistemic states: episteme and doxa. Although the two epistemic states guide
their possessors equally well, episteme is more valuable than correct doxa. Typically, scholars
interpret this puzzle about the relative value of the epistemic states—sometimes called The
Meno Problem—in the following way: why is propositional knowledge more valuable than
propositional true belief?. I argue that part of the intractability of the puzzle stems from
the fact that, in the Meno, ‘episteme’ does not refer to propositional knowledge. Over thepast few decades, many ancient philosophers have voiced their discomfort with interpreting
episteme as propositional knowledge in the Meno. My contribution is that, in the Meno,
episteme is expertise, while doxa refers to a wide-spectrum of epistemic states ranging from
propositional beliefs to knacks that produce equivalent results to expertise.
I marshal textual evidence from the Meno to demonstrate that episteme refers to expertise,
as opposed to some less demanding epistemic state. Episteme is more valuable than the
corresponding correct doxa because of its stability (Meno 98a). I argue that episteme is
stable in two senses. First, it is stable within the individual. Second, it is intergenerationally
stable because it can be taught. Although correct doxa can be transmitted from one individual
to another, but only episteme can be taught taught. For Plato, teaching is
a technical term that refers to a specific type of transmission and is synonymous with recollection. Through this process, episteme can be losslessly transmitted between
one generation and the next.
I then demonstrate that, in the Meno, genuine virtue is a type of expertise. I employ the
epistemology, described in the first chapter, to explain the implications: if virtue is a sort of
expertise, it is teachable. I argue that Plato believed virtue was teachable, genuine virtue
expertise was only possible under the correct sort of constitution. This constitution is the
constitution of the Kallipolis described in the Republic.
In my third chapter, I articulate a novel explanation of the censorship program described
in Republic 2 and 3. I argue that the censorship program is necessary for ensuring that the
teaching of virtue is possible. Ethical expertise requires an extremely long education (the
philosopher-kings continued their education until they turn 50). In order to prepare the soul
for this, they must minimize the guardians’ exposure to anything that might shape their
souls in the wrong way. Preparation begins even before their rational faculties have fully
developed. The Kallipolis brings to fruition the desires Socrates expresses in the Meno for
a society where a statesman could create another statesman
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The Many Forms of Pluralism: Three Essays on the Medieval Unitarian/Pluralist Debate
Get PDFMy dissertation consists of three essays on the medieval debate between pluralists (those who believe that a substance can have more than one substantial form) and unitarians (those who think that a substance can have only one substantial form). In the first essay, I argue—contrary to a common assumption in the secondary literature—that at least some medieval philosophers recognize two fundamentally different kinds of pluralism. I use the writings of Aquinas as my main example, arguing that he distinguishes two kinds of pluralism and takes the time to argue against both. In the second essay, I challenge the assumption, common both to Aquinas and to many more recent commentators, that Aristotle holds a unitarian view of living things. I show that Aristotle’s view of living things might be categorized as pluralism, albeit a kind of pluralism that differs from that of medieval pluralists such as Scotus and Ockham. In the third essay, I argue that Ockham’s arguments for pluralism presuppose a version of mind-body dualism that differs from both substance and property dualism. I show that this Ockhamist dualism avoids a common objection to mind-body dualism, namely that dualism implies a morally and/or metaphysically problematic division between certain beings and the rest of nature
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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