4,094 research outputs found
The prediction of adaptive evolution: empirical application of the secondary theorem of selection and comparison to the breeder’s equation
No full textMorrissey MB, Parker DJ, Korsten P, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB, Wilson AJ. The prediction of adaptive evolution: empirical application of the secondary theorem of selection and comparison to the breeder’s equation. Evolution. 2012;66(8):2399-2410
Investigating the genetic architecture of complex traits in Soay sheep
No full textThe science of quantitative genetics aims to understand how genetics influences variation in traits between individuals, how traits respond to selection, and thus how traits evolve over time. In order to answer these questions, it is important to uncover the genetic architecture of the focal traits. This includes estimating the proportion of phenotypic variation controlled by genetic variance vs non-genetic (i.e. environmental) variance – known as heritability estimation – examining how the underlying genetic variance is composed of additive genetic variance and non-additive genetic variance, and locating, identifying and characterising the causal genetic variants. Having this information about a trait’s genetic architecture allows for a better understanding of the trait itself.
Whilst the bulk of quantitative genetic research is performed in humans and agricultural and livestock populations, studies in wild populations also benefit from these types of analyses. Studying quantitative genetics in wild populations can help us to gain insights into how these traits evolve in natural settings, which are less controlled environments than those experienced by non-wild populations. For example, we can learn how natural selection shapes the genetic variation and adaptation of these traits, how gene-environment interactions influence the expression and plasticity of these traits, and how genetic diversity and inbreeding affect the fitness and survival of these traits.
Studies of wild populations often have more obstacles to overcome than those in human and domestic populations: wild pedigrees are more likely to be short, incomplete and contain errors; large genotyping arrays yielding genomic relatedness can be prohibitively expensive; and it is often difficult to reach the appropriate sample sizes of individuals. Therefore, when performing quantitative genetic analyses in a wild population, it is important to assess how well each methodology works in respect to the sample size, genotype density and any erroneous or missing data.
In this thesis, I set out to characterise the genetic architecture of 11 polygenic traits in a wild population of Soay sheep, and later an additional four traits thought to be monogenic.
In Chapter 2, I perform heritability estimation and genome-wide association studies on the 11 polygenic traits using both the lower density genotype data and the higher-density imputed data to examine how the increase in SNP density affects the results of these analyses. Heritability estimates did not differ between the two SNP densities, but the high-density imputed SNP dataset revealed four new SNP-trait associations that were not found with the lower density dataset.
In Chapter 3, I impute the genotype data available for the Soay sheep, increasing SNP density by a factor of 10.
In Chapter 4, I used a method designed to estimate heritability in a population of related individuals on both the polygenic and monogenic traits to assess how the genetic variation underpinning these traits can be partitioned into population-level additive genetic variance and family-level genetic variance. Whilst the partitioned model did not improve model fit over standard animal models for the monogenic traits, it improved the fit for some of the polygenic traits, suggesting that dominance, epistasis and/or common environment not already captured by the non-genetic random effects fitted in my models may influence these traits. I also found evidence to suggest that three of the monogenic traits I focused on may be influenced by genetic variance outside of their known causal gene.
In Chapter 5, I used regional heritability mapping methods on both the polygenic and monogenic traits to determine their suitability for the Soay sheep data and to try and identify any regions containing causal genetic variants not identified in Chapter 2. Whilst not all previously identified associated loci were recovered, I discovered new regions associated with variation in my traits. In addition, I was able identify whether the genetic variance contributed by each significantly associated region was due to individual SNPs or haplotype alleles.
In this thesis, I have applied various quantitative genetic methods to characterise the genetic architecture of 15 traits in a wild population of Soay sheep. These findings contribute to our understanding of how genetics influences trait variation and evolution in wild populations, and highlight the challenges and opportunities of performing quantitative genetic analyses in such populations. Moreover, these methods can benefit other studies of wild populations by providing more accurate estimates of genetic parameters, identifying novel genomic regions associated with traits of interest, and uncovering the complex genetic mechanisms underlying trait variation
The SSC of the Generalised Jahangir’s Graph Jm,k and its Algebraic Characterizations
No full textIn this article, we present important combinatorial and algebraicproperties of spanning simplicial complex (SSC) of the generalised Jahangir’sgraph Jm,k. We describe the relation to find f−vectors associatedto Δs(Jm,k) and determine the Hilbert series for the SR-ring KΔs(Jm,k).In the end, we present the associated primes of the facet ideal IF(Δs(Jm,k))and the Cohen-Macaulay characterization of the SR-ring of Δs(Jm,k).AMS (MOS) Subject Classification Codes: Primary 13-P10, Secondary 13-F20, 13-C14, 13-H10.Corresponding Author: Agha KashifKey Words: Simplicial Complexes, f-vectors, Spanning Trees, Face Ring, Hilbert Series, CohenMacaulay
To <i>JM</i> on Its 75th Anniversary
No full text This article discusses how Journal of Marketing ( JM) has influenced marketing science and practice by publishing articles on substantive topics relevant to customers, managers, organizations, markets, and society. The journal's 75th anniversary coincides with the 50th anniversary of the Marketing Science Institute (MSI). Frequently, JM and MSI have collaborated to address important substantive marketing issues identified in MSI's Research Priorities. The author highlights seminal articles on brand equity; business-to-business marketing (including sales force management); connecting marketing information, metrics, and strategy; consumer behavior; innovation, new product development. and product management; marketing orientation and capabilities; and market research, methodology and services. She also draws attention to articles that have won the Sheth Foundation/ JM Award and the H. Paul Root Award. The article describes how JM‘s knowledge dissemination is amplified by powerful social network effects. Ideas in JM articles diffuse through the business community, influencing the mind-set of managers worldwide. </jats:p
Survival costs of reproduction are mediated by parasite infection in wild Soay sheep
No full textA trade-off between current and future fitness potentially explains variation in life-history strategies. A proposed mechanism behind this is parasite-mediated reproductive costs: individuals that allocate more resources to reproduction have fewer to allocate to defence against parasites, reducing future fitness. We examined how reproduction influenced faecal egg counts (FEC) of strongyle nematodes using data collected between 1989-2008 from a wild population of Soay sheep in the St. Kilda archipelago, Scotland (741 individuals). Increased reproduction was associated with increased FEC during the lambing season: females that gave birth, and particularly those that weaned a lamb, had higher FEC than females that failed to reproduce. Structural equation modelling revealed future reproductive costs: a positive effect of reproduction on spring FEC and a negative effect on summer body weight were negatively associated with overwinter survival. Overall, we provide evidence that parasite resistance and body weight are important mediators of survival costs of reproduction.Leivesley JA, Bussière LF, Pemberton JM, Pilkington JG, Wilson K, Hayward AD (2019) Survival costs of reproduction are mediated by parasite infection in wild Soay sheep. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13275 Leivesley JA, Bussiere LF, Pemberton JM, Pilkington JG, Wilson K, Hayward AD (2019) Data from: Survival costs of reproduction are mediated by parasite infection in wild Soay sheep. Dryad Digital Repository. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.88vr0q
JM-20, a Benzodiazepine-Dihydropyridine Hybrid Molecule, Inhibits the Formation of Alpha-Synuclein-Aggregated Species
No full text\ua9 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Studies showed that JM-20, a benzodiazepine-dihydropyridine hybrid molecule, protects against rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. However, its protective effects against cytotoxicity induced by endogenous neurotoxins involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis have never been investigated. In this study, we evaluated the ability of JM-20 to inhibit alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation. We also evaluated the interactions of JM-20 with aSyn by molecular docking and molecular dynamics and assessed the protective effect of JM-20 against aminochrome cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that JM-20 induced the formation of heterogeneous amyloid fibrils, which were innocuous to primary cultures of mesencephalic cells. Moreover, JM-20 reduced the average size of aSyn positive inclusions in H4 cells transfected with SynT wild-type and synphilin-1-V5, but not in HEK cells transfected with synphilin-1-GFP. In silico studies showed the interaction between JM-20 and the aSyn-binding site. Additionally, we showed that JM-20 protects SH-SY5Y cells against aminochrome cytotoxicity. These results reinforce the potential of JM-20 as a neuroprotective compound for PD and suggest aSyn as a molecular target for JM-20
Uterine transplantation: a promising surrogate to surrogacy?
No full textUterine transplantation: a promising surrogate to surrogacy?
Grynberg M1, Ayoubi JM, Bulletti C, Frydman R, Fanchin R.
Author information
Abstract
Infertility due to the inability of the uterus to carry a pregnancy ranks among the most unresolved issues in reproductive medicine. It affects millions of women worldwide who have congenital or acquired uterine affections, often requiring hysterectomy, and potentially represents a considerable fraction of the general infertile population. Patients suffering from severe uterine infertility are currently compelled to go through gestational surrogacy or adoption; both approaches, unfortunately, deprive them of the maternal experience of pregnancy and birth. Uterine transplantation represents an outstanding, yet complex, perspective to alleviating definitive uterine infertility. In the past decades, a number of scientific experiments conducted both in animals and women, focusing on uterine transplantation, have led to promising results. Collectively, these findings undoubtedly constitute a sound basis to clinically apply uterine transplantation in the near future. This paper is, however, an overview not only of the extent and limitations of accumulated scientific knowledge on uterine transplantation, but also its ethical implications, in an effort to define the actual place of such an approach among the therapeutic arsenal for alleviating infertility.
© 2011 New York Academy of Sciences
Translation and interpretation: Translation redundancy reconsidered
No full textInterpretation is an integral part of the process of translating. This article raises the question of whether interpretation fo a literary work by a translator should be guided by extratextual factors or not. The discussion is illustrated with examples taken from David Hawkes' translation of a Chinese classic, A Dream of Red Mansions. As the work of a scholar-translator, Hawkes' version is richly supplemented with disclosures concerning the characters and explanations of the cultural environment embodied in the novel. In many cases, however, this translation procedure is redundant and explanatory, enlightening the readers but at the same time robbing them of the pleasure of literary interpretation and cultural exploration. By means of this illustration of translation redundancy, the author points out that there is difference between a scholar who helps the interpretation fo a work and a translator who presents a work close to its original version. It is particularly important to pay attention tot his difference in literary translations in a cross-cultural situation involving two enormously different cultures.Language & LinguisticsA&HCI0ARTICLE1,SI115-12
Spatiotemporal and individual drivers of variation in parasitism and immunity in wild red deer
No full textParasites are a ubiquitous presence in nature that can profoundly impact the
evolution and ecology of their hosts. Despite their longstanding interest for many
branches of mammalian biology, there are relatively few large-scale longitudinal
investigations of immunity and parasitism in large wild mammals. Furthermore, very
few studies take full advantage of longitudinal studies’ ability to examine
spatiotemporal variation, life history correlates, and fitness consequences of
immunity and parasitism simultaneously.
This thesis comprises the first parasitological and immunological investigation in the
individually-monitored study population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) on the Isle of
Rum in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Over the course of nine field seasons spanning
2016-2018, colleagues and I collected 2091 faecal samples from 447 identified
individuals. I examined these faecal samples for eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal
helminth parasites and protozoa. I particularly focussed on counts of three highly
prevalent helminth taxa: strongyle nematodes, the common liver fluke Fasciola
hepatica, and the tissue nematode Elaphostrongylus cervi. In addition, I adapted and
employed a method of faecal antibody quantification originally developed for use in
sheep. Samples were analysed for total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and anti-
Teladorsagia circumcincta-specific IgA, giving measures of both general and specific
immune allocation.
I used these immune and parasite measures in several analyses, making use of the
high-resolution life history, fitness, and behavioural data available for the Rum red
deer population, focussing mainly on samples collected from adult females. The
principal findings were:
1. The red deer were infected with multiple species of helminths and
protozoa, present at high prevalence but relatively low intensity. These
parasites showed seasonal patterns of infection with strong age and sex
biases, all of which varied between parasite taxa. Generally, younger
individuals had higher helminth intensities, and autumn and winter
seasons featured the lowest parasite intensities.
2. Parasite counts were repeatable within individuals. However, repeatability
varied according to the sampling timescale, with strongyle counts being
more similar within sampling trips than between trips. This implied
contrasting seasonal patterns in different individuals, so that sampling at
different times of year would give different impressions of patterns of
parasitism across the population.
3. Females that reproduced had lower antibody levels and higher parasite
intensities in the following year. However, different components of
reproduction had different costs for different immune and parasite
measures: gestation was associated with lower total IgA levels, while only
lactation resulted in increased parasite counts, implying an important role
of exposure in mediating reproduction-parasitism tradeoffs in this system.
4. I investigated the impact of reproduction, immunity, and parasitism on
fitness-related traits using path analysis. Parasite count in a given year was
found to correlate negatively with reproduction the following year,
indicating a possible cost of parasitism for multiple fitness-related traits,
above and beyond that accounted for by current reproductive status itself.
Increased anti-Teladorsagia circumcincta IgA was also found to be
associated with increased probability of reproduction, beyond any
association with strongyles themselves.
5. I quantified and controlled for spatial patterns of immunity and parasitism
using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) models. These
analyses revealed stark differences in the range and patterns of spatial
heterogeneity for different immune and parasite measures. However, fixed
effects remained largely unchanged by the incorporation of spatial effects,
indicating that spatial variation was unlikely to be confounding my earlier
findings.
I discuss these findings and their implications for longitudinal studies of immunity
and parasitism in wild animals and the further integration of spatiotemporal, life
history, immune, and parasite data
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS (IFRS), BAIK BAGI USAHA MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH? (Studi Kasus: UMKM JM KERIPIK)
No full textABSTRAKUndang-undang nomor 20 tahun 2008 tentang Usaha Makro Kecil Menengah (UMKM), usaha kecil adalah usaha ekonomi produktif yang berdiri sendiri, yang dilakukan oleh orang perseorangan atau badan usaha yang bukan merupakan anak perusahaan atau bukan cabang perusahaan yang memiliki, dikuasai atau menjadi bagian baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dari usaha menengah atau usaha besar yang memenuhi kriteria. JM Keripik merupakan salah salah UMKM yang bergelut dibidang produksi dan penjualan. IFRS merupakan seperangkat standard yang dikeluarkan oleh Dewan Standard Akuntansi Internasional (IASB). IFRS berguna untuk menyusun laporan keuangan yang dapat diterima di dunia Global.Penulistertarik untukmengetahuipencatatankeuanganJM Keripik dan apakah perlu merekomendasikan IFRS pada UMKM JM Keripik. Metode penelitian yang digunakaan penulis adalah kualitatif yaitu observasi dan wawancara. Dari hasil penelitian banyak terdapat pencatatan-pencatatan yang kurang terperinci, UMKM JM Keripik hanya memilki empat macam pencatatan yaitu pencatatan mengenai: 1.Stock barang, 2.Supliyer, 3.Costumer dan 4.Stock toko, pencatatan ini hanya dapat dimengerti oleh pemilik JM Keripik. Sebaiknya pemilik UMKM JM Keripik mengganti laporan keuangan yang sederhana ke laporan keuangan yang semestinya dan yang berbasis IFRS karena IFRS membawa dampak positif bagi UMKM dan merupakan standar akuntansi keuangan yang digunakan dunia global. Kata Kunci : UMKM, IFRS, JM Keripik ABSTRACT Act number 20 of 2008 concerning the Macro Small and Medium Enterprises, small businesses are productive economic activities that stand alone, carried out by an individual or business entity that is not a subsidiary or not a branch of the company that owns, controlled or become part either directly or indirectly from medium or large businesses that meet the criteria. JM Keripik which deals in the field of production and sales. IFRS is a set of standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IFRS is useful for preparing financial statements that is acceptable in the global world. Authors interested in knowing the financial records of JM Keripik and whether to recommend IFRS on JM Keripik. The research method is qualitative author of observation and interviews. From the research there are many registries are less detailed, JM Keripik has only four kinds of recording is recording about: 1.Stock goods, 2.Supliyer, 3.Costumer and 4.Stock shop, registration can only be understood by the owner of JM Keripik. JM Keripik owners should replace the simple financial reports to the appropriate financial statements and IFRS-based IFRS for Macro Small and Medium Enterprises had a positive impact and a financial accounting standards global world. Keywords : UMKM, IFRS, JM Keripi
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