203,116 research outputs found
Peer Review for Journals: Evidence on Quality Control, Fairness, and Innovation
No full textI reviewed the published empirical evidence concerning journal peer review, which consisted of 68 papers, all but three published since 1975. Peer review improves quality, but its use to screen papers has met with limited success. Current procedures to assure quality and fairness seem to discourage scientific advancement, especially important innovations, because findings that conflict with current beliefs are often judged to have defects. Editors can use procedures to encourage the publication of papers with innovative findings such as invited papers, early-acceptance procedures, author nominations of reviewers, results-blind reviews, structured rating sheets, open peer review, and, in particular, electronic publication. Some journals are currently using these procedures. The basic principle behind the proposals is to change the decision from whether to publish a paper to how to publish itpeer review, journals, publications
Peer effects and measurement error : The impact of sampling variation in school survey data (evidence from PISA)
No full textInvestigation of peer effects on achievement with sample survey data from schools may mean that only a random sample of peer population is observed for each individual. This generates measurement error in peer variables similar in form to the textbook case of errors-in-variables, resulting in attenuation bias in estimated peer effects in an OLS regression model. We investigate the problem using survey data for England from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) linked to administrative microdata recording information for each sample member’s entire year cohort. We calculate a peer group measure based on these complete data and compare its use with a variable based on peers in just the PISA sample. We also use a Monte Carlo experiment to show how attenuation bias rises as peer sample size falls. On average, the estimated peer effect is biased downwards by about one third when drawing a sample of peers of the size implied by the PISA survey design
A discussion on the ethical issues in peer-to-peer network monitoring
No full textPeer-to-peer networks have gained a significant amount of popularity since their inception, being used in a wide variety of contexts; both legal and illegal. The demand for monitoring techniques able to analyse performance, identify copyright infringers and detect the presence of peer-to-peer traffic on networks has similarly risen. Along with them ethical issues have surfaced, awareness of which is essential when planning research requiring peer-to-peer monitoring. This paper discusses the collection of data through the monitoring of peer-to-peer networks and identifies areas of particular ethical concern in its use
A peer-to-peer infrastructure for resilient web services
No full textThis work is funded by GR/M78403 “Supporting Internet Computation in Arbitrary Geographical Locations” and GR/R51872 “Reflective Application Framework for Distributed Architectures”, and by Nuffield Grant URB/01597/G “Peer-to-Peer Infrastructure for Autonomic Storage Architectures”This paper describes an infrastructure for the deployment and use of Web Services that are resilient to the failure of the nodes that host those services. The infrastructure presents a single interface that provides mechanisms for users to publish services and to find hosted services. The infrastructure supports the autonomic deployment of services and the brokerage of hosts on which services may be deployed. Once deployed, services are autonomically managed in a number of aspects including load balancing, availability, failure detection and recovery, and lifetime management. Services are published and deployed with associated metadata describing the service type. This same metadata may be used subsequently by interested parties to discover services. The infrastructure uses peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay technologies to abstract over the underlying network to deploy and locate instances of those services. It takes advantage of the P2P network to replicate directory services used to locate service instances (for using a service), Service Hosts (for deployment of services) and Autonomic Managers which manage the deployed services. The P2P overlay network is itself constructed using novel Web Services-based middleware and a variation of the Chord P2P protocol, which is self-managing
A Survey of Peer-to-Peer Architectures for Service Oriented Computing
No full textPeer-to-peer file sharing has become popular for many kinds of resource location and distribution applications including file sharing, distributed computation, multi-media messaging and content distribution. Peer-to-peer approaches also have significant potential for supporting large scale, decentralised service oriented computing. This chapter discusses each class of contemporary P2P architecture in turn and discusses the suitability of each architecture class for supporting service oriented computing. Future trends in peer-to-peer architectures are then discussed and multi-layer peer-to-peer architectures are highlighted as a promising platform for supporting service oriented computing. This chapter then concludes with a discussion of outstanding issues that must be addressed before peer-to-peer architectures can offer adequate support for service oriented computing
When Peer-to-Peer comes Face-to-Face: Collaborative Peer-to-Peer Computing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
No full textThis paper motivates and describes the notion of mobile ad hoc information systems. Such a system consists of a decentralized and self-organizing network of autonomous, mobile devices that interact as peers. Connectivity is determined by distance between devices; as hosts change their physical location they establish pair-wise communication links based on mutual proximity. We describe application scenarios for mobile ad hoc information systems and identify technical challenges of a generic software infrastructure. Moreover, we present the goals and architecture of Proem, a peer-to-peer system and development platform for mobile ad hoc applications. Proem has successfully been used as instructional tool in an advanced software engineering course on peer-to-peer computing
P2P-role: uma arquitetura de controle de acesso baseada em papéis para sistemas colaborativos peer-to-peer
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.Os sistemas Peer-to-Peer apresentam uma forma de computação distribuída onde cada participante atua como cliente e servidor de recursos. Entre os principais desafios existentes nesse tipo de computação, estão o desenvolvimento de técnicas para incentivar a colaboração entre os usuários e a proteção dos elementos e informações localizados no ambiente Peer-to-Peer. Este documento define uma arquitetura de controle de acesso baseada em papes específica para as redes Peer-to-Peer e busca, assim, contribuir para a construção de sistemas colaborativos mais robustos e seguros. Também são exploradas as relações entre o controle de acesso e as técnicas utilizadas para estimular a cooperação entre os integrantes da rede Peer-to-Peer. Pretende-se, dessa forma, que a arquitetura de controle de acesso definida também auxilie para minimizar a quantidade de nós que não colaboram com rede e que apenas sugam seus recursos. O protótipo implementado baseia-se nas tecnologias JXTA e P2PSockets e provê meios para que cada nó da rede P2P gerencia a política de segurança de seus recursos
Use of context-awareness in mobile peer-to-peer networks
No full textMobile ad-hoc network are an emerging research field due to the potential range of applications that they support and for the problems they present due to their dynamic nature. Peer-to-peer is an example of a class of applications that have recently been deployed on top of ad-hoc networks. In this paper we propose an approach based on context-awareness to allow peer-to-peer applications to exploit information on the underlying network context to achieve better performance and better group organization. Information such as availability of resources, battery power, services in reach and relative distances can be used to improve the routing structures of the peer-to-peer network, thus reducing the routing overhead
Peer Support Workers’ Experience of an Intentional Peer Support Scheme on an Acute Psychiatric Ward
No full textThis paper reports on a study which formed part of a multi-perspective evaluation of an Intentional Peer Support scheme within an adult acute psychiatric inpatient setting. The objectives of the evaluation were twofold. Firstly, to explore the experience of Peer Support Workers (PSW) in their new role and, secondly, to examine the extent to which peer support may contribute towards recovery-based practice within the context of the NHS.
PSWs were recruited by a mental health charity for the purpose of the scheme within an inner city borough. The study employed a qualitative methodology. Two focus groups were conducted with PSWs. The findings highlighted that participants described both positive aspects, such as personal growth and adaptation, and challenges in relation to their new role as PSW. Initial challenges, particularly around working relationships with staff, were subsequently overcome during the study period. These findings contribute towards developing an evidence base for the value of the Intentional Peer Support services within the context of recovery-based NHS mental health services
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