1,720,970 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Follicular and transfollicular penetration
No full textDie Haut ist das größte und eines der lebenswichtigen Organe des Menschen.
Ohne die Schutz- und Barrierefunktionen der Haut könnte ein Organismus nicht
überleben. Dennoch ist es möglich, dass topisch applizierte Substanzen und
Wirkstoffe die Hautbarriere überwinden können. Die Optimierung des topischen
Applikationsweges ist Gegenstand intensiver aktueller Forschung. Prinzipiell
sind drei Penetrationswege (interzellulär, follikulär und transzellulär) in
und durch die Haut bekannt, wobei der follikuläre Weg immer mehr an Bedeutung
gewinnt und auch Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit ist. Die konkrete Zielstellung
der Arbeit war neben der Entwicklung von in vivo und ex vivo Methoden zur
Untersuchung des follikulären Penetrationsprozesses auch die Identifizierung
von geeigneten ex vivo Hautmodellen sowie die Aufklärung des Mechanismus der
follikulären Penetration und die Entwicklung von neuen Ansätzen zum
follikulären Wirkstofftransport. Im Rahmen der Arbeit konnten zwei Methoden
zur Untersuchung der follikulären und transfollikulären Penetration etabliert
werden. Mit Hilfe der Methode des selektiven Follikelverschlusses ist es nun
möglich, den follikulären Anteil am Penetrationsprozess zu quantifizieren. Das
ebenfalls etablierte Verfahren des differentiellen Strippings dagegen
ermöglicht die selektive Quantifizierung des follikulären und interzellulären
Reservoirs. In weiteren Arbeiten konnte das Schweineohrhautmodell klar als
geeignetes ex vivo Hautmodell für Untersuchungen zur follikulären Penetration
identifiziert werden, während die Anwendung von ex vivo Humanhaut als
ungeeignet für entsprechende Untersuchungen eingestuft werden musste.
Weiterführende Studien konnten zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der follikulären
Penetration beitragen. Es konnte klar belegt werden, dass Nanocarrier
besonders effektiv in den Haarfollikel hinein penetrieren können und dass hier
eine eindeutige Größenabhängigkeit besteht. Nanocarrier der Größe um 600 nm
zeigten dabei die tiefste follikuläre Penetration. Anschließende
Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass diese Größenabhängigkeit im Zusammenhang
mit der Struktur des Haares steht, und dass hier ein sogenannter
Ratscheneffekt zwischen der Schuppenstruktur der Haares und der Nanocarrier
die tiefe Penetration bewirkt. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse, dass partikuläre
Substanzen besonders tief und effektiv in den Haarfollikel hinein penetrieren
können, aufgrund ihrer Größe jedoch nicht transfollikulär in das den
Haarfollikel umgebende Gewebe translozieren können, wurden neue Ansätze
entwickelt, um die positiven Eigenschaften von Nanocarriersystemen trotzdem
für den Wirkstofftransport nutzen zu können. Die grundsätzliche Idee besteht
darin, die Nanocarrier nur für den Transport in den Haarfollikel zu nutzen, wo
es dann ausgelöst durch ein Triggersignal zu einer Wirkstofffreisetzung aus
den Nanocarriern kommt. Dieser kann dann unabhängig transfollikulär
diffundieren. Als entsprechende Triggersignale wurden eine enzymatische
Freisetzung und eine Infrarot-A-getriggerte Freisetzung erfolgreich getestet.
Damit konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit einige wichtige Aspekte der
follikulären und transfollikulären Penetration näher herausgearbeitet werden
und erste Untersuchungen zur getriggerten Freisetzung von Wirkstoffen im
Haarfollikel erfolgreich realisiert werden. Dies ist ein vielversprechender
Ansatz, der in den nächsten Jahren weiter verfolgt werden wird.The skin is the biggest and one of the vital organs of the human body. Without
the protective and barrier functions of the skin, the body could not survive.
However, it is possible for topically applied drugs to overcome the cutaneous
barrier. Currently, the optimization of the topical application pathway is a
subject of intense research. The intercellular, follicular and transcellular
routes are the three known penetration pathways into and through the skin,
with the follicular route becoming more and more important. This follicular
pathway is addressed in this habilitation thesis. The specific objective of
this thesis was not only the development of in vivo and ex vivo methods suited
to investigate the follicular penetration process but also the identification
of suitable ex vivo skin models, the revelation of the follicular penetration
mechanism and the development of new approaches towards the follicular drug
transport. As a result of the habilitation studies, two methods for
investigating the follicular and transfollicular penetration could be
established. One of these methods, the selective follicle occlusion, now
permits to quantify the follicular proportion in the penetration process. The
differential stripping procedure, in turn, permits the follicular and
intercellular reservoirs to be selectively quantified. In further experiments,
the porcine ear skin model could be definitely identified as a well-suited ex
vivo skin model for follicular penetration studies, whereas ex vivo human skin
proved to be unsuitable for such investigations. Further studies contributed
to reveal the follicular penetration mechanism. It could be clearly
demonstrated that nanocarriers can penetrate very efficiently into the hair
follicle and that this penetration efficiency definitely depends on the
carrier size. Nanocarriers of about 600 nm in size penetrated deepest into the
hair follicle. Subsequent experiments showed that this size dependency is due
to the hair structure; a so-called ratchet effect between the cuticula
structure of the hair and the nanocarrier causing the deep penetration. Based
on the findings that particulate substances can penetrate very deeply and
efficiently into the hair follicle, whereas their size keeps them from
translocating into the tissue surrounding the hair follicle, new approaches
were developed in order to utilise the positive properties of nanocarrier
systems nevertheless for drug delivery. The basic idea is to use the
nanocarriers exclusively for the transport into the hair follicle. Once there,
the carrier releases its drug load via a trigger signal. The drug so released
can then transfollicularly diffuse without assistance. An enzymatic release
and an infrared A-triggered release were successfully tested as trigger
signals. Thus, the present thesis could reveal some important aspects of
follicular and transfollicular penetration. Moreover, initial experiments with
the triggered release of drugs into the hair follicles could be completed
successfully. This is a very promising approach which will be followed up in
the years to come
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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