413 research outputs found
The superstitious lawyer's inference
No full textIn Lehrer’s case of the superstitious lawyer, a lawyer possesses conclusive evidence for his client’s innocence, and he appreciates that the evidence is conclusive, but the evidence is causally inert with respect to his belief in his client’s innocence. This case has divided epistemologists ever since Lehrer originally proposed it in his argument against causal analyses of knowledge. Some have taken the claim that the lawyer bases his belief on the evidence as a data point for our theories to accommodate, while others have denied that the lawyer has knowledge, or that he bases his belief on the evidence.
In this paper, we move the dialectic forward by way of arguing that the superstitious lawyer genuinely infers his client’s innocence from the evidence. To show that the lawyer’s inference is genuine, we argue in defense of a version of a doxastic construal of the ‘taking’ condition on inference. We also provide a pared-down superstitious lawyer-style case, which displays the key features of the original case without including its complicated and distracting features. But interestingly, although we argue that the lawyer’s belief is based on his good evidence, and is also plausibly doxastically justified, we do not argue that the lawyer knows that his client is innocent
Well-founded belief: an introduction
No full textThe is the Editor's Introduction to "Well-Founded Belief: New Essays on the Epistemic Basing Relation", Routledge, 2020
Reply to Commentary on “Patrick Bondy, Bias in Legitimate Ad Hominem Arguments”
No full textConference Papers and Commentary
Well-Founded Belief: New Essays on the Epistemic Basing Relation
No full texthaving good reasons for some belief and one’s actually basing one’s belief on good reasons. While the most natural kind of account of basing is causal in nature—a belief is based on a reason if and only if the belief is properly caused by the reason—there is hardly any widely accepted, counterexample-free account of the basing relation among contemporary epistemologists. Further inquiry into the nature of the basing relation is therefore of paramount importance for epistemology. Without an acceptable account of the basing relation, epistemological theories remain both crucially incomplete and vulnerable to errors that can arise when authors assume an implausible view of what it takes for beliefs to be held on the basis of reasons.
Well-Founded Belief brings together 16 essays written by leading epistemologists to explore this important topic in greater detail. The chapters in this collection are divided into two broad categories: (i) the nature of the basing relation; and (ii) basing and its applications. The chapters in the first section are concerned, principally, with positively characterizing the epistemic basing relation and criticizing extant accounts of it, including extant accounts of the relationship between epistemic basing and propositional and doxastic justification. The latter chapters connect epistemic basing with other topics of interest in epistemology as well as ethics, including: epistemic disjunctivism, epistemic injustice, agency, epistemic conservativism, epistemic grounding, epistemic genealogy, practical reasoning, and practical knowledge
Géneros discursivos en lima la horrible de sebastián salazar bondy
No full textThe article examines the essay by Sebastián Salazar Bondy (1924-1965) Lima la horrible (1964) based on Mijail Bakhtin (1993) notion that “[language] is the product of collective human activity, and reflects in all its elements, both the economic and socio-political organization of the society that has generated it”. In this sense, the presence of two discursive genres proposed by Bakhtin (2011) is established in the essay –the complex secondary and the simple primary– to demonstrate how the author incorporates “direct discursive communication” to give voice to social classes postponed in the representation of the city. As is known, Salazar Bondy directs his attacks at the so-called “Colonial Arcadia” and, implicitly, at the “centralizing forms of language” (Bakhtin) that have prevailed in authors such as Palma, Porras Barrenechea, de la Riva Agüero, Gálvez, among others. However, when developing his criticism of the idyllic vision of the city produced by those authors, Salazar Bondy makes manifest certain inconsistencies that weaken his purpose of becoming the “judge” or “unbribable critic” capable of offering a comprehensive and truthful vision of the city. past and present of the city.El artículo examina el ensayo de Sebastián Salazar Bondy (1924-1965) Lima la horrible (1964) tomando como base la noción de Mijail Bajtín (1993) de que “[el lenguaje] es el producto de la actividad humana colectiva, y refleja en todos sus elementos tanto la organización económica como la sociopolítica de la sociedad que lo ha generado”. En ese sentido, se establece en el ensayo la presencia de dos géneros discursivos propuestos por Bajtín (2011) –secundario complejo y primario simple– para demostrar cómo el autor incorpora la “comunicación discursiva directa” para dar voz a sectores sociales postergados en la representación de la ciudad. Salazar Bondy dirige sus ataques a la llamada “Arcadia Colonial” e, implícitamente, a las “formas centralizadoras del lenguaje” (Bajtín) que han prevalecido en autores como Palma, Porras Barrenechea, de la Riva Agüero, Gálvez, entre otros–. Sin embargo, al desarrollar su crítica de la visión idílica de la ciudad producida por aquellos autores, Salazar Bondy hace manifiestas ciertas inconsistencias que debilitan su propósito de convertirse en el “juez” o “crítico insobornable” capaz de ofrecer una visión integral y verista del pasado y del presente de la ciudad
Poetry of Egon Bondy in the context of normalization
No full textThis bachelor thesis deals with poetry of Egon Bondy at the beginning of normalization. It depicts the historical context of incipient normalization, in which the contra- hegemonic culture of the underground is formed. For the needs of the work, the first chapters emphasize the explanation of artistic tendencies that were important for the formation of the underground and its own identification. The most prominent aesthetic tendencies were forms of primitivism, authenticity and underground self-mythologisation. Following this previous research, this work also deals with the interpretation of two selected poetry books written in the early 1970s: Deník dívky, která hledá Egona Bondyho and Zápisky z počátku let sedmdesátých. The author of this bachelor thesis chose these two books of poetry because of their early origin, the first of them especially because of the extreme position of the lyrical subject, the second as the beginning of the poetics of poetry books in the following two decades. Key words Egon Bondy Normalization Underground Primitivism Mythologization Alternative cultur
Facebook jako narzędzie komunikacji z fanami. Analiza porównawcza aktywności pisarek: Katarzyny Bondy i Katarzyny Puzyńskiej
No full textArticle includes a presentation and analysis of research (both qualitative and quantitative) conducted during 2019 summer on Facebook profiles that belong to Katarzyna Bonda and Katarzyna Puzyńska. Two-month monitoring of their profiles has delivered valuable data that enabled the verification two hypotheses. The Author assumed, that writer’s “call to action” phrases would positively influence fans’ reactions. The Author also assumed that both writers would publish posts at the same pace. It turned out that call-to-action phrases are not that important in relationships with fans as one could expect. In addition, major differences between publication frequencies were discovered: Katarzyna Puzyńska was definitely more active. She published more diverse posts, that could be grouped in 4 categories (self-portraits, books’ promotion, nature, other). In Bonda’s case posts could be grouped into two categories (books’ promotion and personal ones). It was also noticed that both writers eagerly interacted with their fans using the potential that new media have.Artykuł zawiera prezentację oraz analizę wyników badań (zarówno jakościowych, jak i ilościowych) przeprowadzonych latem 2019 roku na facebookowych profilach pisarek Katarzyny Bondy i Katarzyny Puzyńskiej. Dwumiesięczny monitoring profili dostarczył cennych danych, które umożliwiły weryfikację hipotez badawczych. Autorka założyła, że „wezwania do akcji” kierowane przez pisarki będą pozytywnie wpływały na liczbę reakcji ze strony publiczności oraz że obie pisarki będą dodawać posty z podobną częstotliwością. Okazało się, że „wezwania do akcji” nie są tak istotne w komunikacji z fanami, jak mogłoby się to intuicyjnie wydawać. Dodatkowo wykryto znaczne różnice w zakresie częstotliwości dodawania postów: Katarzyna Puzyńska była zdecydowanie bardziej aktywna, a na jej koncie pojawiały się różnorodne posty, które można przyporządkować do czterech kategorii (autoportrety, promocje książek, natura, inne). W przypadku Katarzyny Bondy postów było znacznie mniej i można je podzielić na dwie zasadnicze kategorie (posty promujące książki oraz osobiste). Jednocześnie spostrzeżono, że obie pisarki chętnie wchodziły w interakcje z fanami, wykorzystując potencjał nowych mediów
Truth and Argument Evaluation
No full textWe are all familiar with the traditional conception of what makes for a good argument: that its premises are true and that it is valid.[1] That traditional view of the goodness of arguments has sustained serious criticism over the past few decades, so that most theorists have dropped either the validity requirement or the truth requirement or both. Almost all theorists that I am aware of take it that an argument is good if it fulfills its purpose, and it is widely agreed that arguments can fulfill their purpose even when not all of their premises are true, or they are not deductively valid. Still, some theorists retain a focus on the truth-directed nature of arguments, and those theorists rightly hold that, given such a focus, truth plays an important role in the evaluation of arguments. Johnson (2000) goes so far as to reintroduce truth as a constraint on premise adequacy, alongside the criterion of acceptability, and he holds that in a case where a premise is false but acceptable, truth (/falsity) outweighs acceptability. What I propose to do in this essay is to discuss the role that truth plays in the evaluation of arguments, when the purpose of arguments is understood as truth-directed in some important way. I begin with a discussion of truth and the purpose of arguments. In the second section of the paper, I give an argument to the effect that the theory of argument evaluation ought not to involve truth as a constraint on premise adequacy. The third section contains my argument for the positive claim that the proper place for the concept of truth is in the metatheory in terms of which the theory of evaluation is worked out.[2] I conclude the essay with a response to Hamblin’s (1970) argument that no arguments are truth-directed. [1] Hitchcock (1999) traces the concept of soundness in the textbook tradition to Black (1946), and before that (but with different terminology), to Cohen and Nagel (1934). [2] By "theory of evaluation" I mean the set of criteria that a theory provides us with for evaluating arguments. By "the metatheory" in terms of which the theory of evaluation is worked out, I mean the broader theory of argument, including reference to what it is that the criteria for argument evaluation are supposed to accomplish, in which the theory of evaluation is articulated
Virtues, Evidence, and Ad Hominem Arguments
No full textArgumentation theorists are beginning to think of ad hominem arguments as generally legitimate. Virtue argumentation theorists argue that a character trait approach to argument appraisal can explain why ad hominems would are legitimate, when they are legitimate. But I argue that we do not need to appeal to virtue argumentation theory to explain the legitimacy of ad hominem arguments; a more straightforward evidentialist approach to argument appraisal is also committed to their legitimacy. I also argue that virtue argumentation theory faces some important problems, and that whereas the virtue-theoretic approach in epistemology is (arguably) well-motivated, that motivation does not carry over to virtue argumentation theory
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