1,720,953 research outputs found
Design and Development of a Cryogenic Decorticator Cum Grinder for Phytochemical Rich Myrobalan Fruit Powder
No full textMyrobalan (Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica) fruits have many vital phytochemicals and nutraceuticals. These fruits have numerous medicinal uses in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Tibetan, Chinese, and folklore medicines. Myrobalans are the essential constituents of the traditional herbal medicine named Triphala. Unit operations such as decortication and grinding are essential for proper utilization and value-addition of the myrobalan fruits. Due to lack of proper equipment, the decortication of the fruits is done manually using a hammer or stone. It is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. It also increases the chance of contamination, making the product unsuitable for medicinal uses. After the decortication, the end products are ground to make powder. Currently, conventional methods are used for the grinding process. During the process, much heat is generated that denatures most of the heat-sensitive phytochemicals in the final product and makes it unsuitable for medicinal uses. Hence, there is a need to develop proper methods and equipment for optimum utilization of the myrobalan fruits. A new cryogenic decorticator-cum-grinding equipment was designed, developed, fabricated, and evaluated for myrobalan fruits to address the above issue. Various physical and engineering properties of the fruits, necessary for designing the equipment, were determined. Chemical and phytochemical properties were also determined. The equipment was designed using CATIA V5 (CAD, USA). It was fabricated with the support structure and contact parts made of mild steel and stainless steel (304 L). The equipment consists of a pre-cooling tunnel, decorticator, separator, and grinder. Liquid nitrogen was used in the pre-cooling tunnel, decorticator, and grinder sections to reduce the heat generated and loss of heat-sensitive phytochemicals during the operation. The performance of the equipment was evaluated, and the process parameters such as feed rate and liquid nitrogen dosage were optimized. The optimum grinding efficiency of 98.00% could be achieved at a 12.28 kg/hr feed rate and liquid nitrogen dosage of 0.72 L/kg of feed for T. chebula. Similarly, optimum grinding efficiency of 96.11% could be achieved at a feed rate of 12.86 kg/hr and liquid nitrogen dosage of 0.74 L/kg of feed for T. bellerica. The DPPH retention of the cryogenically ground powders of T. chebula and T. bellerica were 90.60 and 90.11%, respectively. The other phytochemical constituents, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannin content, were higher in the cryogenically ground powders of T. chebula and T. bellerica than the powders obtained in the conventional method. Maximum iv retention of these phytochemicals, close to natural content, was observed. Various powder properties such as flowability, wall friction, oil and water holding indices, emulsion activities, stability, crystallinity, and surface morphology (SEM) were determined and compared. All these properties of the cryogenically ground powders were better than that of the conventionally produced powders suggesting the feasibility and proper working of the decorticator-cum-grinder. The cost economic analysis of the equipment was also done. The unit cost of the cryogenic decorticator-cum-grinder was ₹4,99,450.00 INR ($ 6,834.00 USD). The return on investment (ROI) of 911%, breakeven point (BEP) of 166 kg of powder production, and payback period (PBP) of 45 days on the initial investment cost suggested the economic feasibility and commercial viability of the equipment. The developed cryogenic decorticator-cum-grinder could be a possible solution for processing and value-addition of myrobalan fruits for increasing the income for sustainable livelihood of rural population dependent on the collection and sale of these fruits. It could also help in commercializing myrobalan fruit products for use in the herbal medicine industry
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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