1,721,013 research outputs found
Morpheme-Specific Phonology: Constraint Indexation and Inconsistency Resolution
No full textThis paper argues that exceptions and other instances of morpheme-specific phonology are best analyzed in Optimality Theory (OT) in terms of lexically indexed markedness and faithfulness constraints. This approach is shown to capture locality restrictions, distinctions between exceptional and truly impossible patterns, distinctions between blocking and triggering, and distinctions between variation and exceptionality. It is contrasted with other OT analyses of exceptions, in particular those that disallow lexically indexed markedness constraints and those that invoke lexically specified rankings (that is, cophonologies). The data discussed are from Assamese, Finnish and Yine (formerly Piro). A learnability account of the genesis of lexically indexed constraints is also provided, in which indexation is used to resolve inconsistency detected by Tesar and Smolensky's (1998, 2000) Recursive Constraint Demotion algorithm.This is the authors' final version of a book chapter that was published in Phonological Argumentation: Essays on Evidence and Motivation.Pater, J.(2009). Morpheme-Specific Phonology: Constraint Indexation and Inconsistency Resolution. In S.G. Parker (Ed.), Phonological Argumentation: Essays on Evidence and Motivation. London: Equinox.ISBN: 9781845532215 (published book)Peer reviewe
Learning a Stratified Grammar
No full textThis paper shows that a simple extension of the Biased Constraint Demotion Algorithm (Prince and Tesar 2004) results in the construction of stratified grammars (Ito and Mester 1999). Phonological structures are sometimes restricted to particular sets of words, such as loanwords. To capture such generalizations, Ito and Mester (1999) propose that faithfulness constraints applying to subsets of the lexicon are interspersed between markedness constraints. Three learnability problems present themselves: 1. How does a learner create lexically specific constraints for exceptions to phonotactics? 2. How do the markedness constraints get in the right order? 3. How do the faithfulness constraints get interspersed correctly? To address 1, this paper proposes that when a learner encounters a form that requires an adjustment to the grammar, it makes the initial conservative assumption that this adjustment is specific to that word. More formally, in terms of Tesar and Smolensky (1998) et seq., when Error-Driven Constraint Demotion produces a Mark-Data pair, faithfulness constraints preferring the winner are indexed to the lexical item in question. With this one assumption, Biased Constraint Demotion automatically yields answers to problems 2 and 3. In applying lexically specific constraints to instances of gradient phonotactics, this paper also suggests an approach to the problems raised by Frisch, Pierrehumbert and Broe (2004)
The place of variation in phonological theory
No full textThis paper aims to give a 'state-of-the-art' introduction to the study of phonological variation in phonological theory. The discussion is structured around the question of where variation is located in the phonological component.We start with the view that variation is strictly a property of 'late'processes, which is consistent with the phonetically gradient nature of many cases of variation. We go on to discuss evidence that variation also has characteristics of 'early' phonology: it is conditioned both by morphology and by lexical idiosyncrasy. Our theoretical focus is on constraint-based approaches to variation, in OT and related theories with numerically valued weights. We pay special attention to the interaction of the lexicon with variation, an aspect of current theories that remains underdeveloped. We also provide a formal comparison of these theories with Labovian variable rules.The publisher of the book in which this excerpt appears does not permit the archiving of this or any other version of the excerpt in the Rutgers Optimality Archive. The authorized version is available here: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405157682.htmlCoetzee, A.W. & Pater, J. (2011). The place of variation in phonological theory. In J.A. Goldsmith, J. Riggle, & A.C.L. Yu (Eds.) The handbook of phonological theory. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN: 978063120126
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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