1,721,012 research outputs found
Alcohol Metabolism: General Aspects
No full textAlcoholism is a major health problem worldwide with potentially deleterious genetic consequences. Various genes influence the risk of alcoholism, some of which predispose the person to alcohol cravings and others that become altered after excessive alcohol consumption through up- or down-regulation of their expression. In this chapter, an overview of the role of a number of genes will be discussed, including neurotransmitter genes such as the brain serotonin genes, genes believed to be involved in foetal alcohol syndrome such as the Goosecoid (GSC) gene, and the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2), which indicates a correlation between sweet preference and alcoholism. Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the main manifestations of alcoholism. However, bone marrow stem cell infusion is a potentially promising therapy due to the ability of bone marrow cells to proliferate into hepatocytes such as positive CD34 stem cells. In conclusion, more research and study are required to uncover novel genes that can either help in treating alcoholism or be used as analytical markers to predict the vulnerability of a person to alcoholism
Betaine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects (Food and Nutritional Components in Focus)
No full textMolecular Effects of Alcohol on Iron Metabolism
No full text© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This chapter explores the link between iron and alcohol metabolism. Chronic alcohol consumption alters the expression of numerous iron-related proteins, including the liver-secreted systemic iron-regulator hepcidin. Downregulation of hepcidin is the key reason for increased duodenal iron absorption, which causes high circulating and stored iron levels in alcoholics, similar to that attained in hereditary hemochromatosis. The resultant free-iron mediated cytotoxicity is a common determinant of the pathophysiology of cirrhosis, an advanced liver condition observed in both alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and congenital hemochromatosis. Often, alcohol consumption suppresses hematopoiesis and/or hinders normal erythrocyte maturation, which results in anemia. Due to these alcohol-induced changes in iron metabolism, several iron-related biomarkers, like serum levels of ferritin and the glycosylation status of transferrin, are used to detect ALD. Also, modulation of hepcidin expression has been explored as a therapy to limit duodenal iron absorption and thereby restrain the tissue injury mediated by excess iron
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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