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Entry to a New Technology-enabled Product Category - How New Market Uncertainty and Old Market Growth Influence Entry-timing Effects
No full textTiming is an essential part of any decision to enter a new market. Conventional wisdom suggests that early entrants can often gain first-mover advantages, but even after decades of research on entry timing, it remains still somewhat unclear when and how first-mover advantages are achieved. It has been suggested that one reason for that partial inconclusiveness may be that researchers have too myopically investigated the timing only in relation to competitors. Thus, in my dissertation, I suggest and empirically test two other entry-timing anchors besides of competitors' entries: timing in relation to growth in firm's existing market and timing in relation to uncertainty concerning the new market potential.
The empirical context of this study is wireless telecommunication operators' adoption of 3G WCDMA technology and introduction of fast wireless data communication services – "the biggest ever gamble on the introduction of a new technology". The new services were believed to have huge potential, but for several years, it was uncertain if the new technology and its ecosystem would be viable. Furthermore, in many markets, new 3G services were introduced when the demand for earlier 2G voice-only services was still rapidly growing.
My first essay draws from the technology adoption literature and suggests that post-entry performance is a joint outcome of timing in relation to competitors' entries and timing in relation to the maturity of the new market. In the second essay, I apply opportunity cost theory. I argue that when a firm needs the same non-scale-free and imperfectly fungible resources and competences in both old and new markets, its overall performance will suffer if it enters the new market when the old market is still rapidly growing. In the third essay, I investigate what influences firms' entry-timing decisions when the viability of the new market is uncertain. I apply organizational learning theory, and in contrary to previous research I suggest that in an ambiguous environment, learning from parent group's experience advances the entry timing, and learning from competitors delays it. My empirical findings support all these arguments.
This study has a few implications for theory and research practice related to entry-timing effects. First, entry-timing effects depends on multiple anchors, and the timing should not only be measured from pioneer's entry to the market. Indeed, multiple effects can co-exist and even have opposite effects. Thus, researchers should decompose entry-timing effects into smaller sub-effects rather than attempt to explain entry-timing effects on a general level. Second, entry-timing decisions are not isolated events but should be studied in relation to firms' other activities. Indeed, our impression of entry-timing advantages can be seriously biased if we do not pay attention to the opportunity cost of forgoing firms' other growth opportunities. Third, this thesis highlights the need to align timing measure better to the underlying dynamic phenomena.Ensimmäisenä markkinoille tulevien yritysten on ajateltu hyötyvän etsikkoajastaan, mutta vaikka markkinoille menon ajoitusta on tutkittu jo vuosikymmeniä, emme vieläkään täysin ymmärrä milloin ja miten edelläkävijä hyötyy asemastaan. Onkin esitetty, että markkinoille menon ajoitusta on tarkasteltu liian suppeasti ainoastaan suhteessa muiden yritysten ajoitukseen. Tässä väitöskirjassani ehdotan ja empiirisesti tutkin kahta muuta tekijää, joihin yrityksen markkinoille menon ajoitus pitäisi linkittää: epävarmuus uuden markkinan potentiaalista ja yrityksen nykyisten markkinoiden kasvu.
Tutkimuksen empiirinen konteksti on matkapuhelinoperattoreiden 3G WCDMA teknologian käyttöönotto ja nopeiden datapalveluiden lanseeraus – "suurin uhkapeli ikinä uuden teknologian käyttöönotossa". Uusien 3G-palveluiden kysynnän uskotiin kasvavan nopeasti, mutta vielä useita vuosia palvelujen julkaisemisen jälkeenkin oli epävarmaa, tuleeko markkinasta koskaan kannattavaa. Lisäksi useissa maissa aikaisemman sukupolven 2G palveluiden kysyntä oli yhä nopeassa kasvussa kun operaattorit esittelivät uudet 3G-palvelunsa.
Ensimmäinen esseeni pohjautuu tutkimukseen uusien teknologioiden käyttöönotosta. Esitän siinä, että yrityksen markkinoille menon kannattavuuteen ei vaikuta pelkästään ajoitus suhteessa kilpailijoihin vaan myös mm. ajoitus suhteessa uuden markkinan epävarmuuteen. Toisessa esseessäni sovellan teoriaa vaihtoehtoiskustannuksista ja esitän, että jos yrityksen vanhat ja uudet markkinat vaativat samoja skaalautumattomia resursseja, yrityksen kannattavuus kärsii yrityksen mennessä uudelle markkinalle vanhan markkinan kasvaessa yhä nopeasti. Kolmannessa esseessäni tutkin kuinka yrityksen päätökseen mennä epävarmalle markkinalle vaikuttaa oppiminen omasta ja toisten yritysten kokemuksista ja esitän, että eri kokemuksista oppimisella on erilainen vaikutus ajoitukseen. Kaikissa kolmessa esseessä empiiriset havainnot tukevat väitteitäni.
Näistä havainnoista seuraa muutamia suosituksia tulevalle tutkimukselle. Ensinnäkin kannat-tavuuteen vaikuttaa useampi ajoitukseen liittyvä mekanismi, ei pelkästään markkinoille menojärjestys suhteessa kilpailijoihin. Tämä voi selittää osaltaan aikaisempia ristiriitaisia löydöksiä ja tutkijat saattaisivat löytää enemmän säännönmukaisuuksia tutkimalla pienempiä osamekanismeja. Toisekseen, markkinoille meno ei tapahdu eristyksessä yrityksen muusta toiminnasta. Teemme helposti vääriä johtopäätöksiä ajoituksen eduista, jos emme huomioi vaihtoehtoiskustannuksia, jotka aiheutuvat yrityksen muiden mahdollisten kasvuhankkeiden lykkäämisestä. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus osoittaa kuinka tärkeää olisi, että ajoituksen mittarit olisivat yhdenmukaisia taustalla vaikuttavien ajan yli muuttuvien ilmiöiden kanssa
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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