11 research outputs found
Economic Diplomacy, Soft Power, and Taiwan’s Relations with Indonesia
No full textThis paper seeks to discuss the recent developments of Taiwan-Indonesia relations. It especially aims to identify the diverse efforts that Taiwan has made to secure an improved position in its relation with Indonesia, amid an increasingly cordial relation between Indonesia and China. Among the efforts that Taiwan has conducted is using the attractiveness of its economic resources to achieve a better recognition from Indonesia. However, this practice of “economic diplomacy” has been combined with an attempt to invest soft power through various means. They include, among others, promoting Taiwanese education attraction among middle-class Indonesians, particularly Chinese Indonesians, attracting Indonesian students to pursue a higher degree in Taiwan through various scholarship programs, and establishing a network between the Taiwanese and Indonesian scholars. While the above efforts have arguably enabled Taiwan to have a better recognition among certain segments of the Indonesian public and government, it still faces a number of challenges
Enhancing People-to-People Cooperation between ASEAN and East Asia Countries through Counterparts: The Case of Indonesian Student in Taiwan
No full textBesides businessmen and workers, Indonesian students have become one of the recent important actors in Indonesia - Taiwan bilateral relations. Currently, Taiwan became one of the popular destinations among Indonesians to pursue their highest degree. In 2013, the numbers of Indonesian students has reached 3000 persons, made them the third largest group of Southeast Asian students in Taiwan after Vietnamese and Malaysians. The Indonesian students are quite organized and active. Giving the lack of diplomatic relations between both countries, these students are potential to be one of the significant actors to bridge Indonesia - Taiwan relations. However, they have some limitations on conducting their activities. On the Taiwan side, this trend has not gained sufficient responds. Indonesia is still considered an unattractive object to study, comparing to other Southeast Asian countries. Therefore interaction tends to be one side only. This paper would discuss on (1) what the Indonesian students in Taiwan can do to maximize their capabilities to attract Taiwanese to learn more about Indonesia; (2) How the Taiwanese should respond to these trends, in order to create two ways of interaction. In that case, the counterparts are significant to bridge the limitations of mutual interaction between both states, especially to eliminate the unclear perceptions among Taiwanese to Indonesia, which might affect Indonesia – Taiwan bilateral relations, and to promote Indonesia in the better outlook.
Analysis of Russia's Approach to Kyoto Protocol: Russia's Withdrawal from Second Commitment Period (2013-2020)
No full textIn 2004 Russia ratified Kyoto Protocol, one of the international agreements which focuses on climate change mitigation. Kyoto Protocol was established as a framework for countries to mitigate climate change globally by reducing their greenhouse gas emissions accordingly to their respective targets. Russia officially participated in the first commitment period of Kyoto Protocol in 2005 after ensuring the benefits by doing so. Entering the second commitment period, in 2011 Russia decided to withdraw. In consideration of Russia’s position as the largest fossil fuel energy exporter and as a country whose economy is in restoration, Russia’s approach to Kyoto Protocol is based on its interests and benefits which it gains from the framework. This paper analyzes the factors behind Russia’s withdrawal from the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol through the perspective of offensive realism with qualitative methodology. The thesis finds that Russia’s reasoning of withdrawal was an act to protect its national interest, which is economic security, specifically its energy sector
PENATALAKSANAAN FISIOTERAPI PADA CALCANEUS SPUR SINISTRA DENGAN MICRO WAVE DIATHERMY (MWD) DAN MASSAGE DI RSAL DR. RAMELAN SURABAYA
No full textLatar Belakang : kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat awam tentang perlindungan yang diberikan untuk daerah tumit yang akhirnya membawa kerugian bagi tumit, kaki, dan pergelangan kaki.
Tujuan: untuk memberikan gambaran calcaneus spur kepada masyarakat dan bagaimana cara mengurangi nyerinya.
Metode : karya tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian studi kasus di RS. Dr. Ramelan Surabaya dengan skala pengukuran Verbal Descriptive Scale (VDS) dan skala jette. Modalitas yang digunakan adalah Micro Wave Diathermy (MWD) dan Massage.
Hasil : dari penelitian studi kasus ini diperoleh hasil adanya penurunan derajat nyeri dan meningkatnya kemampuan fungsional.
Kesimpulan dan Saran : pemeriksaan fisioterapi yang teliti dengan menggunakan skala jette dan VDS untuk mendiagnosa adanya calcaneus spur, serta menggunakan Micro Wave Diathermy (MWD) dan Massage untuk pengurangan nyeri. Sehingga penulis menyarankan agar selalu menggunakan heelcup pada tumit, sehingga tumit tidak bersentuhan langsung dengan alas sepatu yang keras
The Impacts of E-Commerce to Regional Integration in Southeast Asia
No full textABSTRACTThis paper aims to examine the social impacts of e-commerce on regional integration in Southeast Asia. This paper argues that the existing literature takes for granted the positive relations between trade and regional integration; define narrowly regional integration in economic terms; and thus, focus mainly on economic impacts of e-commerce to regional integration in Southeast Asia. In contrast to this existing view, regional integration envisioned by ASEAN is not only economic but also social, emphasizing the development of a sense of belonging among regional members. In addition, the logics of the business sector, including e-commerce, may or may not be in line with the logics of ASEAN in imagining regional integration, and thus giving a possibility for the convergence or divergence of interests between the two. Applying constructivist approach on how imagination and transaction contribute to promoting region-ness among regional members, this paper finds that the imagination and transaction of e-commerce actors in the region has not had significant social impact to regional integration and may even develop risk of widening the gap among Southeast Asian countries as the imagination and transaction of many of the e-commerce actors in Southeast Asia are concentrated in the more developed parts of the region.Keywords: E-Commerce, Regional Integration, Southeast Asia, Constructivis
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Efforts to Help India on Managing Urban Solid Waste Pollution Issues (2013 – 2020): United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Efforts to Help India on Managing Urban Solid Waste Pollution Issues (2013 – 2020)
No full textAbstract
This research analyzes the efforts of The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in assisting the Indian government in addressing environmental pollution issues. India has been fighting against waste pollution for decades. Pollution in India has reached alarming levels as its massive impacts have spread to various aspects of life and the environment. The Indian government has implemented several policies related to this issue, some of which have been successful, and they will continue their efforts. Additionally, local and international organizations contribute by engaging in collaborative efforts targeting communities and the environment. One of these organizations is the United Nations Environment Programme, a United Nations body focused on environmental issues. However, sustained efforts are still needed to address this problem and achieve meaningful results. The research methodology is qualitative, and the data collection method is secondary. Data is gathered from academic journals, news sources, and relevant books from valid sources. The author utilizes the theory of Neoliberal Institutionalism to analyze this research.
Keywords: Urban Solid Waste Pollution, Waste Management System, The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), Neoliberal Institutionalism 
ILO (INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION) ACTIVITIES UPHOLDING WORKERS\u27 RIGHTS IN BANGLADESH AFTER THE RANA PLAZA TRAGEDY
No full textThis research identifies ILO activities in enforcing the rights of workers in Bangladesh post the Rana Plaza Tragedy in 2013. The Rana Plaza tragedy, which led to the deaths of more than 1,100 garment workers, most of whom were women, exposed poor working conditions and widespread human rights violations in the sector. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods, through collecting secondary data from ILO reports, academic journals, and news about related parties. This research was analyzed using the role theory of international organizations. The research results show that the ILO plays a significant role in promoting improvements in occupational safety and health standards through activities and various other initiatives. The ILO is also active in advocating for the rights of workers, including efforts to ensure safety, job security, and reduce gender discrimination in the workplace. In conclusion, although the ILO has made a positive contribution to improving working conditions and rights of workers in Bangladesh following the Rana Plaza tragedy, the sustainability and effectiveness of this initiative is dependent on the commitment of all stakeholders in overcoming existing structural and cultural barriers
Implications of Indonesian Migration to Taiwan for Enhancing Bilateral Relations
No full textSince the early 1990s, the human interactions between Indonesia and Taiwan have intensified significantly due to the rapid increase in the migration of contract workers. Currently, the Indonesians account for almost a half of the market of the 450.000 foreign workers in Taiwan. In the service sector, the market share of Indonesians is as high as 89 percent. The migration of workers was followed by the inflows of almost 30,000 Indonesian females through marriages to Taiwan starting in the mid-1990s. The migrant workers (mainly care providers to the aged) and immigrant spouses are deeply involved in the family and community lives in Taiwan, with a wide coverage from cities too country side. In recent years, the student migration from Indonesia to Taiwan has also grown at a high rate. The student population (3,233) is characterized by a high percentage of non-ethnic Chinese and a big number of professionals, who are on leave from their positions in higher education institutions and government agencies in Indonesia. There is also an increasing small number of Indonesian professionals working in Taiwan. In the meanwhile, however, there were little increases in any types of migration from Taiwan to Indonesia. The only significant set of Taiwanese in Indonesia is the capital-assisted migrants, including investors, their employees, and dependants.
This paper attempts to identify the size, characteristics, and impacts of the asymmetric human interactions between Indonesia and Taiwan. The major data utilized comes from government statistics and some survey results. Based on the official data and field observations, the paper discusses the implications of the changes in key migration flows for both Indonesia and Taiwan. Special attention is placed on the possible interactions between the Indonesian students and professional workers in Taiwan and the Taiwanese Indonesianists. Finally, the paper has tried to explore how Taiwan and Indonesia can take advantage of the increasing human interactions between the two countries to strengthen their bilateral relations.補正完
Indonesian Economic Diplomacy toward Palm Oil: Indonesia’s Respond to the EU Resolution on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforest (2016/2222(INI))
No full textPalm Oil becomes one of Indonesian major trade commodity, besides oil and gas. It has comparable quality with palm oil from Malaysia, Netherland, Papua New Guinea, and Guatemala. Therefore, an accessible and good prospect of the global market is essential for the sustainability of Indonesian palm oil production and marketing. European Union (EU) is a major importer of Indonesian palm oil because the consumption of palm oil among EU member countries is considered high. However, in the past few years, there were some international reports, including European media, that Indonesian palm oil is environmentally unfriendly, because the operation of palm oil plantation leads to deforestation and the greenhouse emission issue, abandoning the local people's, rights and decreasing the population of orangutan and other animals. EU then produced EU Resolution on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforest (2016/2222(INI)) in 2017 to ban the import of Indonesian palm oil. Furthermore, different views among both sides and competition over similar products from Europe contribute to Indonesian efforts to conduct economic diplomacy, to protect the Indonesian economy
歐盟與印尼的夥伴合作協定(PCA) : 歐盟強化其與印尼雙邊關係的政策工具
No full text博士歐盟和印尼在2009年11月簽署「夥伴合作協定」（ PCA ）。該一協議強化歐盟和印尼自1980年「歐盟- 東協夥伴關係協定」（ EAPA ）以來，超過三十年的雙邊關係。此外，歐盟-印尼PCA的目標是成為雙方擴大合作的法律框架和指導方針。經濟利益則為歐盟-東協建立區域間合作關係的主要力量。然而，歐盟的外交政策和其在亞洲的區域內發展趨勢，也成為歐盟與東南亞積極發展合作關係的另一主要原因。1980年歐盟與東協正式簽署的合作協議，涵蓋貿易、經濟和發展等政策。然而，有鑒於歐盟和東協之間不同的發展層次和政治原則，維持區域間的關係有一定困難。歐盟還認為強化與東協的個別國家，包括印尼，特別是雙邊合作夥伴關係，以保持歐盟的經濟和政治利益，以及處理全球和區域性問題。
在東南亞國家中，印尼是第一個與歐盟簽署PCA的國家。儘管印尼在20世紀90年代末，從威權政體過渡到民主國家，印尼仍面臨著一些內部的挑戰。同時，印尼的穩定是確保歐盟在印尼以及東南亞區域的經濟和政治利益的必要條件。
總結來說，PCA使歐盟與印尼雙方更容易建立彼此關係。歐盟需要PCA展現促進印尼發展的能力，也可以協助歐盟在印尼推展公眾外交。對印尼而言，透過PCA與歐盟的直接互動，能夠獲得歐盟的更多支持，以鞏固其目前的國內成就，及提高國際地位的努力。
其次，PCA使歐盟能尋求戰略合作夥伴，以支持區域間的關係。歐盟透過PCA的機會，強化與印尼在非經濟議題上的合作關係。此外，此一合作關係將協助歐盟介入東南亞事務，以及強化區域間的關係
第三，PCA能提高印尼作為區域和全球行動者的內部能力。因此，對印尼而言，國家和非國家行為者之間的良好協調、承諾和能力，得以確保順利推動PCA的各個項目。
第四，PCA下的合作夥伴關係強化印尼在東南亞的角色，印尼並且成為歐盟在東南亞的重要夥伴。這種夥伴關係意味，印尼在此一區域的成就，已經受到歐盟的肯定。印尼與歐盟的雙邊關係將促進印尼在東南亞地區的領導地位。In November 2009, the European Union (EU) and Indonesia signed a Partnership Cooperation Agreement (PCA). This agreement strengthened the bilateral relations between the EU and Indonesia that has been existed for more than thirty years, under the 1980 EC – ASEAN Partnership Agreement
(EAPA). In addition to that, the PCA aims to be a legal framework and guideline for expanding cooperation between the two parties. Economic interests were the primary force behind the establishment of EC- ASEAN interregional relations. However, the development of the EC’s foreign
policy profile and its intraregional tendencies in Asia became the other main reason for the EC’s engagement with Southeast Asia. This aspiration is formalised by the signature of the 1980 EC - ASEAN Cooperation Agreement, which encompasses aspects of trade, economic and development
policy. However, the different level of development and political principles between the EU and ASEAN made this interregional relation have some difficulties. The EU further considers to strengthening bilateral partnership with the individual ASEAN countries, including Indonesia, which is significant particularly, in order to maintain EU economic and political interests, and to manage global
and regional issues.
Among Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia is the first country to sign a PCA with the EU. In spite of its remarkable transition from an authoritarian to a democratic country at the end of the 1990s, Indonesia is still facing substantial internal challenges. Meanwhile, the stability of Indonesia is a necessary condition to secure EU economic and political interests in this country and in the region.
In conclusion, the PCA allows both sides to build connections easily. The EU needs the PCA in order to show its capacity in the development of Indonesia. It can facilitate the public diplomacy of EU in Indonesia. For Indonesia, the direct interaction through PCA provides an opportunity to gain a bigger support from the EU, which is significant to back up the current achievement of Indonesia and the effort to raise its international posture.
Secondly, the PCA enables the EU to look for its strategic partner to support interregional relations. The PCA gives an opportunity for the EU to strengthen its partnership with Indonesia on non-economic issues. Additionally, the partnership will support EU involvement in Southeast Asia and will back up its interregional relations.
Thirdly, the PCA can contribute to the improvement of Indonesia’s internal capacity as a regional and global actor. Therefore, the commitment, capabilities and good coordination between state and non-state actors from Indonesian side, are significant in ensuring all programmes under PCA work well.
Fourthly, the partnership under PCA gives an opportunity to strengthen Indonesia’s position to be considered as one of the EU’s significant partners in Southeast Asia. This partnership means that Indonesia is significantly recognised in the region for its dynamic achievements. Bilateral relations with the EU will boost the position of Indonesia as a leader in Southeast Asia.The Table of Content
I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..1
I. 1. Background……………………………………………………………………………...2
I. 2. Research Question……………………………………………………………………. .12
I. 3. Research Purposes……………………………………………………………………...12
I. 4. Literature Review………………………………………………………………………12
I. 5. Analytical Framework………………………………………………………………….22
I. 6. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………...28
I.7. Research Plan…………………………………………………………………………..33
I.8. Research Outcomes…………………………………………………………………….35
II. Transformation from the Inter-regional Relations to bilateralism: from EC- ASEAN
Agreement 1980 to EU - Indonesia Relations…………………………………………………40
II.1. Why EU promotes Inter-regionalism……………………………………………………..41
II.1.1. Enlargement…………………………………………………………………………….44
II.1.2. Stabilisation…………………………………………………………………………….45
II.1.3. Bilateralism……………………………………………………………………………..46
II.1.4.Inter-regionalism………………………………………………………………………...46
II.2. The Development of EU – ASEAN relations……………………………………………55
II.2.1 EU –Asia Strategy and the establishment of ASEM…………………………………...63
II.3. The Suspension of EU – ASEAN FTA Plan and its alternative strategy…………………..67
II.4. The Latest Development of the EU – ASEAN relations………………………………….72
II.5. Areas of Cooperation……………………………………………………………………..75
II.5.1. Development Cooperation……………………………………………………………….75
II.5.2.Trade………………………………………………………………………………………79
II.5.3. Scientific and Technical Cooperation……………………………………………………84
II.6. Key Critical Issues………………………………………………………………………...88
II.6.1.East Timor issues………………………………………………………………………….89
II.6.2. Burma/Myanmar Issues..………………………………………………………………….92
II.7. Prospect of the EU – ASEAN relations…………………………………………………….99
III. EU – Indonesia Relations…………………………………………………………………103
III. 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….104
III. 2. Physical and historical background of Indonesia………………………………………106
III. 2.1. Indonesia as a multi-ethnic country……………………………………………………108
III. 3. Indonesia’s Regional and Global achievement………………………………………...112
III.3.1. Indonesia commitment to human rights………………………………………………..116
III.3.2. Indonesia participation in the G20…………………………………………………….119
III. 4. Indonesia relations with the Global Power…………………………………………….122
III. 5. The weakness of Indonesia…………………………………………………………... 126
III. 6. The overview of the EC/EU – Indonesia relations…………………………………... 134
III.6.1. EC/EU - Indonesia Trade and Investment relations…………………………………...138
III.6.2. EC/EU – Indonesia ‘indirect’ political relations………………………………………140
III.6.2.1. EU contribution on resolving Aceh Issue and establishment of Aceh
Monitoring Mission (AMM)……………………………………………………….142
III.6.2.2. EU Concern on managing Counter-terrorism issue in Indonesia…………………....143
III.6.2.3. EU Concern on Environmental Issues in Indonesia: deforestation and
environmental degradation………………………………………………………… 145
III.7. Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..149
IV. Analysis of PCA between the EU and Indonesia Relations and Several Changes on the
Bilateral Relations between Both Sides………………………………………………………151
IV. 1. PCA and several technical changes in EU – Indonesia bilateral relations……………...152
IV.2. EU has PCA with Indonesia because of the potency of Indonesia as a strategic
partner…………………………………………………………………………………………..156
IV.3. EU strengthening partnership with Indonesia will boost its reputation
as a global actor………………………………………………………………………………..163
IV.4. Why Indonesia has agreed to have a PCA with the EU? ...................................................166
IV.5. The political implications of PCA for EU – Indonesia bilateral relations…………….. .167
IV.5.1. PCA gives an opportunity for Indonesia to be a suitable global and regional partner for
the EU in Southeast Asia…………………………………………………...………………………173
IV.5.1.1. Cooperation on counter-terrorism……………………………………………………176
IV.5.1.2. Cooperation on managing Environmental issues in Indonesia…………………….. 184
V. Concluding Remarks
V.1. Summary and conclusion………………………………………………………………….194
V.2. Recommended further study………………………………………………………………196
VI. Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and cooperation between the European
Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Indonesia, of the other part
………………………………………………………………………………………………215
VII. Interview with Mr. Charles Whiteley, ………………………………………………………270
VIII. Interview with Ms. Julia Nolan, ……………………………………………………………273
IX.Interview with Mr. Onno Koopmans, ………………………………………………………276
X. Onno further explanation, ……………………………………………………………………279
XI. Interview with Ms. Dewi Mayangsari Kusumastuti , …………………………………………281
XII. Interview with Prof. Djisman Simanjuntak, …………………………………………………286
XIII. Interview with Mr. Ngurah Swajaya, ……………………………………………………288
XIV. Interview with Pol. Ins. Gen M. Tito Karnavian, ……………………………………291
Table and Figures
Figure 1.1………………………………………………………………………………………...28
Figure 1.2………………………………………………………………………………………...29
Figure 1.3………………………………………………………………………………………...30
Table 2.5. EC-ASEAN Projects 1999-2010…………………………………………………......77
Table 2.6. European Union Trade with ASEAN………………………………………………...79
Table 2.7. European Union Trade with ASEAN (millions of €,%)………………………….......80
Table 2.8. ASEAN, Trade with European Union (millions of €,%)……………………………..80
Table 2.9. European Union Imports from ASEAN………………………………………………81
Table 2.10. European Union Export to ASEAN…………………………………………………82
Table 2.11. European Union FDI in ASEAN……………………………………………………83
Table 2.12. European FDI in ASEAN in percentage…………………………………………….84
Table 1. Military Budget of Southeast Asian Countries 1999-2009……………………………126
Table 2. Southeast Asian Country Military Budget as percentage of GDP…………………….127
Table 3. Comparison between Indonesia and other ASEAN countries………………………...129
Table 4. Investment Realization by country 2005-2010………………………………………..133
Table 1. Gross Domestic Product by sector…………………………………………………….185
Table 2. Gross Domestic Product by forestry…………………………………………………..186
Table 3. Indonesian Government Revenues from Forestry Sector, 1999-2009 ………………..186學號: 897290077, 學年度: 10
