1,720,961 research outputs found
Study of Eggplant mottled dwarf virus, EMDV
No full textEggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV) is classified in the genus Nucleorhabdovirus family Rhabdoviridae. Even though it is sporadically found since many years ago in cultivated, ornamental plants and weeds in the Mediterranean Basin, its genome sequence and organization were unknown. In the present study the complete nucleotide sequence of EMDV was determined employing a strategy that takes advantage of the virus untranslated conserved intergenic regions. The negative polarity, single-stranded RNA genome is 13,093 nucleotides long, and contains seven open reading frames (ORFs) organized in the order 3’ to 5’ which potentially encode a nucleocapsid (N), a X unknown protein, a phosphoprotein (P), a putative movement protein (Y), a matrix protein (M), a glycoprotein (G) and a polymerase (L). At the 3’ end of the genome, a leader sequence precedes the N gene, while at the 5' end of the genomic RNA, a terminal sequence, follows the L coding gene. Among the above genes, the size of each untranslated sequence ranges significantly, but all of them include a conserved intergenic region motif with a unique pattern characteristic of EMDV. Phylogenetic analysis of L (partial) confirmed the classification of EMDV in the genus Nucleorhabdovirus and demonstrated its close evolutionary relationship with PYDV. Furthermore, a quantitative real-time RT-PCR was developed for the accurate determination of the virus titre in host plants and minimization of the time needed for its diagnosis. Subsequently, four different total RNA extraction protocols were evaluated in order to highlight the one which shows the highest recovery. For this evaluation, synthetic EMDV RNA transcripts of known concentration were added in selected tissue from seven different plant species. The recovery rates of the synthetic transcripts and the effect of the presence of co-extracted inhibitors revealed two protocols being the more effective. The implementation of these protocols yielded no significant differences between the Ct values (the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross the threshold) of the recovered copies of the control and other plant extracts samples. Furthermore, the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the method were compared with those of the serological method DAS-ELISA. Thereafter, the genetic diversity and evolution of EMDV were studied. For this purpose new sequences corresponding to the N, X, P, Y, M, and a large part of the G gene were determined, from different isolates of EMDV, collected from Greece and Cyprus. The evolutionary relationships of these isolates were studied, based on the genetic variability of the determined sequences, maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny, positive selection and recombination analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of all the gene regions strongly supported three distinct phylogenetic groups that appear to be related with the geographic origin of the isolates. Furthermore, the phylogenetic groups of the above isolates highlighted the significant role of insect vector and perennial host plants in their dispersion.Ο ιός του ποικιλοχλωρωτικού νανισμού της μελιτζάνας (Eggplant mottled dwarf virus, EMDV) ανήκει στο γένος Nucleorhabdovirus της οικογένειας Rhabdoviridae. Παρόλο που απαντάται σποραδικά εδώ και πολλά χρόνια στη Μεσογειακή λεκάνη σε καλλιεργούμενα, καλλωπιστικά φυτά και αυτοφυή ζιζάνια, μέχρι σήμερα δεν είχε προσδιοριστεί η νουκλεοτιδική αλληλουχία και η οργάνωση του γονιδιώματος του. Στην παρούσα διατριβή, προσδιορίστηκε για πρώτη φορά το γονιδίωμα μιας απομόνωσης του EMDV, με μία νέα στρατηγική που χρησιμοποιεί τις εξαιρετικά συντηρημένες, μεταξύ των γονιδίων, περιοχές του ιού. Το αρνητικής πολικότητας, μονόκλωνο RNA γονιδίωμα του EMDV είναι μήκους 13.093 νουκλεοτιδίων και περιέχει 7 ανοιχτά πλαίσια ανάγνωσης (ΑΠΑ) τα οποία οργανώνονται σε κατεύθυνση 3' προς 5' και δυνητικά κωδικοποιούν επτά πρωτεΐνες, την Νουκλεοπρωτεΐνη Ν, την Χ άγνωστης λειτουργίας πρωτεΐνη, την Φωσφοπρωτεΐνη Ρ, την υποθετική πρωτεΐνη διακυτταρικής μετακίνησης Υ, την Βασική πρωτεΐνη περιβλήματος Μ, την Γλυκοπρωτεΐνη G και την Πολυμεράση L. Στο 3' άκρο της αλληλουχίας αυτής, η αλληλουχία οδηγός, προηγείται του γονιδίου της Νουκλεοπρωτεΐνης Ν, ενώ στο 5' άκρο του γονιδιωματικού RNA, η μετατερματική αλληλουχία, έπεται του γονιδίου της Πολυμεράσης L. Μεταξύ των γονιδίων, το μέγεθος των αμετάφραστων περιοχών παραλλάσει σημαντικά, με σταθερή την παρουσία μιας ελαχίστων νουκλεοτιδίων συντηρημένης αλληλουχίας που το μοναδικό της μοτίβο χαρακτηρίζει τον ιό EMDV. Η φυλογενετική ανάλυση μεγάλου τμήματος της πρωτεΐνης L επιβεβαίωσε την κατάταξη του EMDV στο γένος Nucleorhabdovirus και απέδειξε την στενή εξελικτική σχέση του με τον PYDV. Περαιτέρω, αναπτύχθηκε μοριακή δοκιμή, ποσοτικής, πραγματικού χρόνου RT-PCR για τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό του ιικού φορτίου σε φυτά-ξενιστές του EMDV, καθώς και την ελαχιστοποίηση του χρόνου διάγνωσης. Κατόπιν, αξιολογήθηκαν τέσσερα διαφορετικά πρωτόκολλα εκχύλισης ολικού RNA με σκοπό την ανάδειξη αυτού με την υψηλότερη ανάκτηση ιικού φορτίου. Για την αξιολόγηση αυτή, επιλέχθηκε ιστός από επτά διαφορετικά φυτικά είδη, στους οποίους και προστέθηκαν συνθετικά αντίγραφα RNA του EMDV γνωστής συγκέντρωσης. Τα ποσοστά ανάκτησης των συνθετικών αντιγράφων και ο έλεγχος της επίδρασης της παρουσίας συνεκχυλισθέντων αναστολέων στην απόδοση της δοκιμής, ανέδειξαν ως επικρατέστερα δύο πρωτόκολλα. Η εφαρμογή των πρωτοκόλλων αυτών έδωσε μη στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των τιμών Ct (ο κύκλος κατά τον οποίο οι τιμές φθορισμού της PCR υπερβαίνουν την ουδό ανίχνευσης του προϊόντος) των ανακτώμενων αντιγράφων του μάρτυρα και των υπολοίπων φυτικών εκχυλισμάτων. Παράλληλα, αξιολογήθηκε η διαγνωστική εξειδίκευση και ευαισθησία της δοκιμής σε σχέση με την ορολογική δοκιμή DAS-ELISA. Ακολούθως, μελετήθηκε η γενετική παραλλακτικότητα και εξέλιξη του ιού. Για το σκοπό αυτό προσδιορίστηκαν οι αλληλουχίες των γονιδίων Ν, Χ, Ρ, Υ, Μ και G, οχτώ απομονώσεων του ιού από διάφορους ξενιστές που συλλέχθηκαν από την Ελλάδα και την Κύπρο. Μελετήθηκαν οι εξελικτικές τους σχέσεις με τη βοήθεια αναλύσεων γενετικής παραλλακτικότητας των προσδιορισθέντων αλληλουχιών, προσδιορισμού ανασυνδυασμών, θετικής επιλογής και κατασκευή φυλογενετικών δέντρων με τη μέθοδο μέγιστης πιθανοφάνειας (Maximum Likelihood, ML). Η φυλογενετική ανάλυση των περιοχών αυτών κατέταξε τις απομονώσεις σε τρεις διακριτούς κλάδους με κοινή τοπολογία σε όλα τα γονίδια, που φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται σημαντικά από την γεωγραφική προέλευση των απομονώσεων. Παράλληλα, η ομαδοποίηση των απομονώσεων που πρόκυψε, ανέδειξε τη σημασία της παρουσίας του εντόμου-φορέα και των αγενώς πολλαπλασιαζόμενων πολυετών φυτών-ξενιστών στη διασπορά τους
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
