171,798 research outputs found
Da Munk a Dreyer
No full textE’ noto quanto il dramma teatrale di Kaj Munk “Ordet” (1925) sia riconosciuto come una delle opere fondamentali nella storia del teatro scandinavo e profondo sia il solco della sua influenza, nella cultura, nelle arti cinematografiche, teatrali, letterarie, ecc.. Il saggio ideato, elaborato e scritto da Loretta Guerrini propone la prima analisi comparativa tra quel dramma (la cui prima edizione critica in italiano è stata curata da Angelo Papi pp. 3-121) ed i film omonimi di C. Th. Dreyer (1954) e di G. Molander (1943). L’analisi condotta sul rilievo intertestuale delle tre opere porta ad evidenziare le sostanziali varianti del modello religioso a cui esse si riferiscono, rilevando tematiche esistenziali e religiose obliate dalla critica in Italia ancorquando erroneamente interpretate. Quell’analisi che comprende la drammatizzazione si estende ad approfondimenti che riguardano tra l’altro, le location, il décor, a partire dalla segmentazione delle due copie dei film in lingua originale, in particolare “Ordet” di Molander. Pertanto, è stato necessario segnalare le correzioni da apportare all’unica sceneggiatura italiana del film (G. Cincotti 1956) e curare la prima versione italiana – sottotitolata - di “Ordet” di Molander (una copia del quale è depositata presso la Cineteca di Bologna). Il libro presentato da uno dei massimi interpreti internazionali di C. Th. Dreyer, Jean Sémolué, introdotto da Giacomo Manzoli, si avvale di una ricerca bibliografica aggiornata e ordinata cronologicamente sull’opera dei due maestri del cinema. Lingua: italian
[Recensione a] Rime del Burchiello comentate dal Doni, edizione critica e commento a c. di Carlo Alberto Girotto
No full text(Recensione a) Rime del Burchiello comentate dal Doni, edizione critica e commento a c. di Carlo Alberto Girotto (Pisa, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2013, pp. LXXX, 684
Un caso di scannamento: importanza del sopralluogo nella ricostruzione della dinamica dell'aggressione
No full textCastrada infernalis Papi 1951
No full textCastrada infernalis Papi, 1951 New locality. Doñana National Park, Provincia de Huelva, Spain (36 ° 49 ’ 27 ”N, 6 ° 21 ’ 40 ”W). Llanos del Taraje near Ecomuseo Robledo de la Plancha: muddy temporal pond with Ranunculus aquatilis and sedges (25 /03/ 2008). Other localities in Spain. Central areas (Sierra de Guadarrama and river Tajo basin, see Gamo & Noreña- Janssen 1998); Congostrina (Provincia de Guadalajara, Castilla-La Mancha) (Gamo 1987 b), Beleña lagoons (Provincia de Guadalajara, Castilla-La Mancha) (Gamo & Schwank 1987), Alburquerque (Provincia de Badajoz, Extremadura) and Cáceres (Provincia de Cáceres, Extremadura) (Noreña et al. 1999). Known distribution. Palearctic: Southern Europe (Italy) (Papi 1951, 1954). Material. Observations on a live animal. Remarks. The animal is transparent and colourless. Rostrally, the typical darkly-stained pigment spots are visible in transmitted light. The pharynx is situated between 40 and 50 %. The male system consists of an atrium copulatorium receiving the oviform copulatory bulb, a large blind sac with small proximal spines and large, slender distal spines, and a copulatory bursa without bursal stalk and armed with small spines. The ejaculatory duct is a thick-walled funnel, proximally curled inwards. Of the female system, only the ovary could be observed, flanking the male system at one side. Although an accessory bursa has not been observed, all other features, including the lack of zoochlorellae, the pigmented spots in the front, the organization of the male system and the armature of the blind sac in particular, are diagnostic for C. infernalis Papi, 1951. Papi (1954) also describes the subspecies C. infernalis breviorispina Papi, 1954, from the same region in Italy as C. infernalis. It only differs from C. infernalis by shorter spines in the blind sac of the atrium copulatorium, smaller spines in the copulatory bursa, a double sphincter separating the atrium copulatorium and the common genital atrium, and less pigment in the front end of the body. This subspecies has also been found in central Spain (see Gamo 1987 b). Since the spines of the specimen from Andalusia have not been measured and the sphincter around the atrium copulatorium has not been observed, its infraspecific taxonomic position could not be established. Discussion of Castrada. Based on the position of the nephridiopores, Nasonov (1926) has split the taxon Castrada into Castrada and Castradella (Nasonov, 1926) Luther, 1963, whereas Luther (1963) lumped them back together as subgenera of the genus Castrada. Awaiting a thorough cladistical analysis, we adopt Luther’s (1963) classification. The position of the taxon Castrada and the closely related taxa Mesocastrada Volz, 1898, Tetracelis Ehrenberg, 1831, Papiella Mack-Fira, 1970 a and Rhynchomesostoma Luther, 1904, has been controversial (for a discussion see Papi 1959; Mack-Fira 1970 a; and more recently Willems et al. 2005 and Noreña et al. 2008). Formerly placed within the Typhloplaninae (Castrada, Castradella, Mesocastrada), Olisthanellinae Luther, 1904 (Papiella) and even the Protoplanellinae (Castradella), these taxa are now considered representatives of the Rhynchomesostominae Bresslau, 1933 because of the construction of the genital system, and in particular the presence of an atrium copulatorium (Papi 1959; Mack-Fira 1970 a). The position of Tetracelis remains unclear. Most authors (including Luther 1963; Tyler et al. 2006–2010, web reference [2]; Noreña et al. 2008) put Tetracelis within the Typhloplaninae, but Papi (1959) and Mack-Fira (1970 a) conjecture a close relationship with the above-mentioned taxa because of the presence of an atrium copulatorium. With nephridiopores opening in the buccal tube, C. purgatorialis n. sp. and C. paradisea n. sp. clearly belong to the nominal subtaxon Castrada. Main differences between these two new species include the armature of the atrium copulatorium and its blind sac, the appearance of the ejaculatory duct and the presence of spermatophores in the copulatory bursa. Few species of Castrada have the combination of an accessory bursa and one spiny blind sac in the atrium copulatorium. Only C. infernalis and C. viridis Volz, 1898 share these characters. C. viridis differs from C. purgatorialis n. sp. in the fact that it has uniform, small spines in the blind sac and a less-developed accessory bursa, and from C. paradisea n. sp. by the presence of zoochlorellae in C. viridis. C. purgatorialis n. sp. strongly resembles C. infernalis (and its subspecies C. infernalis subsp. breviorispina Papi, 1954), because of the combination of large and small spines in the blind sac of the atrium copulatorium, and the presence of a well-developed accessory bursa. It differs from C. infernalis by lacking the dark, pigmented spots in the front end of the body typical for this latter species. Moreover, C. purgatorialis has zoochlorellae and bursal vesicles, which are absent in C. infernalis. The two species also have a different granular secretion of the accessory bursa (eosinophilic in C. infernalis, while basophilic in C. purgatorialis n. sp.; see Papi 1951, 1954). Other species within the subtaxon Castrada having large spines or teeth in the atrium copulatorium all lack an accessory bursa (C. chlorea Braun, 1885, C. cristatispina Papi, 1951, C. multispina Noreña et al., 2008, C. neocomensis Volz, 1898, C. sphagnetorum Luther, 1904 and C. trispina Willems et al., 2005). C. quadridentata Hofsten, 1907 could also be included in this list, but it is not clear whether this species belongs to Castrada or Castradella. Moreover, whether this species has an accessory bursa or not, is not known (Hofsten 1907; Luther 1963). The seminal receptacle of C. purgatorialis n. sp., consisting of large nucleated cells, strongly resembles that of C. montana Papi, 1959 (see Papi 1959). However, the latter species differs in many other features including the lack of zoochlorellae and the general organization of the genital system (e.g. sphincter partitioning the common genital atrium, atrium copulatorium with two small blind sacs provided with small “allineated pseudocuticular bodies”, no accessory bursa; see Papi 1959). A number of mostly poorly described taxa of Castrada share some common features of the male genital system with C. paradisea n. sp. (one blind sac, uniform spines and a simple ejaculatory duct). C. spinulosa Hofsten, 1907 is similar to C. paradisea n. sp., but has a stalked seminal receptacle in the female system. C. horrida Schmidt, 1861 is also poorly known, but lacks spermatophores and an accessory bursa. C. subsalsa Luther, 1946 is only known from brackish habitats and also lacks an accessory bursa and has no spines in the copulatory bursa. As many species of Castrada lack a detailed description, identification and morphological comparison of specimens is often difficult. Many species may possibly consist of species complexes or could be lumped in one large species pool. A thorough molecular analysis would probably help to unravel the complex evolutionary history of this taxon, and help species delimitation and identification.Published as part of Steenkiste, Niels Van, Tessens, Bart, Krznaric, Kathleen & Artois, Tom, 2011, Dalytyphloplanida (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from Andalusia, Spain, with the description of four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 2791 on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20110
European Integration, Monetary Coordination and the Demand for Money
No full textClaredon Press Oxfor
Crucial steps in the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease
No full textInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative
colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic,
progressive and disabling disorders. Over the last few
decades, new therapeutic approaches have been introduced
which have led not only to a reduction in
the mortality rate but also offered the possibility of a
favorable modification in the natural history of IBD.
The identification of clinical, genetic and serological
prognostic factors has permitted a better stratification
of the disease, thus allowing the opportunity to indicate
the most appropriate therapy. Early treatment with
immunosuppressive drugs and biologics has offered
the opportunity to change, at least in the short term,
the course of the disease by reducing, in a subset of
patients with IBD, hospitalization and the need for
surgery. In this review, the crucial steps in the natural
history of both UC and CD will be discussed, as well as
the factors that may change their clinical course. The
methodological requirements for high quality studies
on the course and prognosis of IBD, the true impact of
environmental and dietary factors on the clinical course
of IBD, the clinical, serological and genetic predictors
of the IBD course (in particular, which of these are relevant
and appropriate for use in clinical practice), the
impact of the various forms of medical treatment on
the IBD complication rate, the role of surgery for IBD in
the biologic era, the true magnitude of risk of colorectal
cancer associated with IBD, as well as the mortality
rate related to IBD will be stressed; all topics that are
extensively discussed in separate reviews included in
this issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology
On some modules of covariants for a reflection group
No full textLet g be a simple Lie algebra with Cartan subalgebra h and Weyl group W. We build up a graded isomorphismh⊗H⊗hW →g⊗gg ofgg ∼=S(h)W- modules, where H is the space of W-harmonics. In this way we prove an enhanced form of a conjecture of Reeder for the adjoint representation
Factors involved with PAPI-1 mobilization
No full textGenomas bacterianos são extremamente dinâmicos e boa parte dessa dinâmica ocorre devido a transferência horizontal e aquisição de DNA exógeno, um processo natural e fundamental para a evolução, adaptação e diversificação dos microrganismos. Ilhas genômicas são grandes regiões do cromossomo bacteriano adquiridas por transferência horizontal e estão presentes em apenas algumas linhagens, podendo conferir alguma vantagem adaptativa. Em Pseudomonas aeruginosa, até o momento foram caracterizadas pelo menos dezesseis ilhas genômicas e cada uma delas confere características diferentes a seus hospedeiros. Em P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (ou simplesmente PA14), encontram-se duas ilhas de patogenicidade denominadas PAPI-1 e PAPI-2, sendo a primeira a maior e a mais estudada, contendo 115 ORFs (“Open Reading Frame”, ou quadros abertos de leitura). Dentre estes, o gene int codifica uma integrase essencial para a excisão e integração de PAPI-1, e o gene soj é necessário para a manutenção da ilha na célula e é expresso apenas quando esta se encontra na forma epissomal. PAPI-1 codifica um provável sistema de secreção tipo IV (T4SS), similar ao do elemento móvel ICEHin1056, responsável pela transferência deste para outras bactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fatores genéticos e ambientais que contribuem para a transferência de PAPI-1 entre linhagens de P. aeruginosa. Foi observado que os mutantes por transposon nos genes PAPI-1 PA14_59860, PA14_59880, PA14_59920 e PA14_59940 têm a frequência de transferência de PAPI-1 diminuída, mas os genes interrompidos nesses mutantes não são essenciais para a excisão da ilha. Também foi mostrado que os reguladores percepção de quorum RhlR e MvfR têm influência na expressão do gene int, mas não de soj. O terceiro regulador de percepção de quorum, LasR, assim como a proteína H-NS MvaT, não tem influência na expressão de int e de soj. Ensaios de RT-PCR quantitativos mostraram que o choque térmico aumentou os níveis do mRNA de soj, mas não de int, corroborando dados previamente sugeridos pela literatura, que mostram uma maior freqüência de transferência de PAPI-1 nessas condições. Também foi analisado se o segundo mensageiro celular em bactérias, c-di-GMP, poderia contribuir para a excisão/manutenção de PAPI-1. Alterações nas concentrações deste segundo mensageiro pela superexpressão de proteínas responsáveis por sua síntese ou degradação não foram capazes de afetar a excisão/manutenção de PAPI-1. Houve diminuição na frequência de transferência de PAPI-1 a partir de linhagens doadoras superexpressando uma diguanilato ciclase ou uma fosfodiesterase de c-di-GMP, mas provavelmente este efeito não se deve aos níveis alterados desse segundo mensageiro. Em Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC), uma região de 86 kb possui uma grande semelhança com PAPI-1 na organização dos genes. Além disso, possui uma série de ORFs relacionados aos genes “core” que definem uma família de ilhas genômicas sintênicas das quais PAPI-1 faz parte. Entretanto, os genes acessórios encontrados entre os blocos de genes conservados varia muito entre PAPI-1 e a região de XAC. Foi determinado que esta região de XAC não pode se excisar do cromossomo nas condições analisadas. Por fim, com o intuito de verificar as possíveis interações entre os produtos dos genes conservados em PAPI-1 e XAC, ensaios de duplo-híbrido foram realizados, porém não foi possível determiná-las, visto que apenas resultados falsos positivos foram obtidos. Este trabalho mostrou pela primeira vez que a percepção de quorum está envolvida com a expressão de soj e determinou uma extensa similaridade entre essa ilha e uma região do genoma de XACBacterial genomes are extremely dynamic mostly because of horizontal gene transfer, a natural and fundamental process for evolution, adaptation and diversification of microorganisms. Genomic islands are large DNA segments acquired by horizontal gene transfer which are present only in a few strains and may confer some adaptative advantage. At least sixteen genomic islands have been characterized in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to date and each confers different characteristics to its host strain. P. aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14 (PA14) harbors two pathogenicity islands named PAPI-1 and PAPI-2. PAPI-1 is the largest one, carrying 115 open reading frames (ORFs). Among these, int codes for an integrase essential for PAPI-1 excision and integration, and soj is required for maintaining PAPI-1 in the cells, being expressed only when this island is in an episomal, circular form. PAPI-1 also harbors genes coding for a type four secretion system (T4SS) similar to the mobile element ICEHin1056, which is responsible for transferring this element to other bacteria. In this work, we show that transposon insertion in PAPI-1 genes PA14_59860, PA14_59880, PA14_59920 and PA14_59940 lowered the frequency of conjugation of PAPI-1 from PA14 to other bacteria, but those genes were not essential for PAPI-1 excision. Quorum sensing regulators RhlR and MvfR had a role in int expression, but did not alter soj transcription. The third quorum sensing regulator LasR, as well as the H-NS protein MvaT, did not alter both int and soj expression. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that cells incubated at heat shock conditions present higher levels of soj, mRNA, confirming published data that showed an increase in PAPI-1 transfer in these conditions. It was also analyzed whether the second messenger c-di-GMP would contribute to PAPI-1 excision/maintenance. Changes in the levels of this second messenger in cells overexpressing proteins responsible for its synthesis or degradation did not affect PAPI-1 excision and maintenance. A decrease in PAPI-1 transfer frequency was detected when those cells were used as donors in conjugation, but this effect cannot be attributed to the altered c-di-GMP levels. In Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 306 (XAC), an 86 kb genome region shares similarity with PAPI-1 regarding gene homology and organization. It also carries ORFs related to the core genes that define a syntenic family of genomic islands that includes PAPI-1. Nevertheless, the accessory genes dispersed among the clusters of conserved genes are not related, when comparing PAPI-1 and this region in XAC. An epissomal form of this putative XAC island could not be detected in the conditions tested in this work. Finally, in order to verify interactions involving the conserved proteins in PAPI-1 and XAC, two hybrid assays were carried out, but only false positives results were obtaine
- …
