1,720,954 research outputs found
Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags
No full textHuman macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Expression of genes of the WNT-Pathway in human macrophages after MCF-7 co-culture and in murine macrophages after stimulation with microvesicles
No full textDie Interaktion zwischen malignen Zellen und den umgebenden Stromazellen trägt in erheblicher Weise zur biologischen Aktivität dieser Zellen bei. Im Mammakarzinom ist die Aktivierung des kanonischen WNT-Signalwegs mit einem aggressiveren Tumorverhalten assoziiert. Anders verhält es sich mit den nicht-kanonischen ß-Catenin-unabhänigen WNT-Signalwegen. Ob eine Aktivierung dieser Pfade das Tumorverhalten günstig oder ungünstig beeinflußt, ist in der aktuellen Literatur umstritten. Diese Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit dem Hauptprotagonisten der ß-Catenin-unabhängigen WNT-Signaltransduktion WNT5a und dessen Rolle in der Kommunikation zwischen Mammakarzinom-Zellen und Tumor-assoziierten Makrophagen.
In den hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen konnte, im Gegensatz zu Vorarbeiten der Arbeitsgruppe, keine signifikante Regulation der nicht-kanonischen WNT-Pfade in humanen und murinen Makrophagen nach Ko-Kultivierung mit MCF-7-Zellen gezeigt werden. Auch nach direkter Exposition gegenüber aus MCF-7-Zellen stammenden Mikrovesikeln, welche ihrerseits als Induktoren einer WNT5a-Expression in Makrophagen identifiziert werden konnten, kam es zu keiner signifikanten Regulation der WNT-Gene. Indirekte Hinweise, wie zum Beispiel ein deutlicher Trend zur Überexpression von WNT5a mRNA in humanen Makrophagen nach Ko-Kultivierung mit MCF-7-Zellen oder eine signifikante Herrunterregulation der mRNA des WNT-Gegenspielers Dkk1 in murinen Makrophagen nach Stimulation mit Mikrovesikeln aus MCF-7-Zellen, sind jedoch vorhanden.The interaction between malignant cells and stroma cells contributes in a crucial way to their biological activity. In breast cancer there is an association between activation of the canonical WNT-Pathway and aggressive behaviour of the tumor. On the other hand there is controversial evidence about the role of non-canonical ß-Catenin independent WNT-Signaling. This thesis adresses the main actor of the ß-Catenin independent WNT-Pathway WNT5a and its role in the communication between breast cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages.
The presented experiments show no significant regulation of the non-canonical WNT-Pathway in human and murine macrophages after co-culture with MCF-7 cells. This stands in contrast to previous studies of our team. After direct exposure to MCF-7 derived microvesicles there was no significant regulation of WNT-genes, too. Nevertheless there are hints for regulation, like a trend to overexpression of WNT5a mRNA in human macrophages after co-culture with MCF-7 cells or a significant downregulation of Dkk1 mRNA, a counterpart of WNT-Signaling, in murine macrophages after stimulation with MCF-7 derived microvesicles.2019-10-0
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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